Rhythm and blues

Big Joe Turner Rock and Roll Revue Apollo Theater 1955

Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721)

Habanera cut-time

Fats Domino 1956

Mardi gras in new orleans

Clave in cut-time

Rhythm and blues (R&B) is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s. It combines elements of jazz, gospel, and blues, reflecting the diverse musical and cultural influences on African American communities. R&B has significantly influenced the development of other music genres, including rock and roll, soul, and funk. Over the decades, R&B has evolved, incorporating new styles and technologies, and remains a popular and influential genre in the global music scene.

History

The term "rhythm and blues" was coined in 1947 by Jerry Wexler when he was working as a journalist at Billboard magazine. The term was used to designate upbeat popular music performed by African American artists that combined jazz and blues. In its early years, R&B was primarily dance music that emphasized a strong backbeat and groove, appealing to a young audience.

During the 1950s and 1960s, R&B laid the groundwork for rock and roll. Artists like Chuck Berry and Little Richard came to prominence during this time, blending R&B with other styles to create rock and roll. The 1960s also saw the rise of Motown Records, a Detroit-based record label that produced a string of hits by artists such as The Supremes, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. Motown's polished sound and emphasis on strong melodies and harmonies helped R&B reach a wider audience.

In the 1970s, R&B evolved into soul music and funk, with artists like James Brown and Sly and the Family Stone leading the way. This era introduced a more complex rhythm and a greater emphasis on the bassline.

The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of contemporary R&B, which blended R&B with pop, hip hop, and electronic music. Artists like Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, and Prince dominated the charts with their innovative sounds. This period also saw the rise of New Jack Swing, a subgenre that fused R&B with hip hop beats.

In the 21st century, R&B continues to evolve, with artists incorporating elements of trap, EDM, and other contemporary sounds. Artists like Beyoncé, Frank Ocean, and The Weeknd have pushed the boundaries of the genre, maintaining its relevance in the modern music landscape.

Characteristics

R&B music is characterized by its use of rhythm, typically featuring a prominent backbeat or groove. The genre often emphasizes the bassline and uses a wide range of instruments, including electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, piano, and saxophone. Vocals are a central element of R&B, with artists often showcasing a wide vocal range and the ability to convey deep emotion.

Influence

R&B has had a profound influence on the development of other music genres. Its impact can be seen in the rhythmic and vocal styles of rock and roll, soul, funk, and hip hop. R&B has also played a significant role in breaking down racial barriers in the music industry, bringing African American culture and music to a broader audience.

See Also

• Soul music
• Funk
• Hip hop
• Rock and roll