Puumala virus

A detailed overview of the Puumala virus

The Puumala virus is a species of hantavirus that primarily infects the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). It is known to cause a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans, commonly referred to as nephropathia epidemica.

Virology

The Puumala virus is a member of the Hantaviridae family, which are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosolized particles from the droppings, urine, or saliva of infected rodents, particularly the bank vole.

Epidemiology

Puumala virus is predominantly found in Europe, with a high incidence in Scandinavia, Finland, and parts of Russia. The distribution of the virus closely follows the habitat of its primary host, the bank vole. Human infections are more common in rural areas where contact with rodent habitats is more likely.

Clinical Manifestations

In humans, infection with the Puumala virus leads to nephropathia epidemica, a milder form of HFRS. Symptoms typically include sudden onset of fever, headache, back pain, abdominal pain, and sometimes blurred vision. In severe cases, it can lead to acute kidney injury, although most patients recover fully with supportive care.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Puumala virus infection is primarily based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serological tests that detect specific antibodies against the virus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can also be used to detect viral RNA in blood samples.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing human exposure to rodent excreta. This includes sealing homes to prevent rodent entry, maintaining cleanliness to deter rodent infestations, and using protective equipment when cleaning areas with potential rodent contamination.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Puumala virus infection. Management is mainly supportive, focusing on maintaining fluid balance and monitoring renal function. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for intravenous fluids and dialysis.

Research

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the virus's pathogenesis, improving diagnostic methods, and developing potential vaccines. Studies are also exploring the ecological dynamics between the virus and its rodent host to better predict and manage outbreaks.

Related pages

• Hantavirus
• Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
• Bank vole

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  Puumala virus