Proportional representation

Byron Weber Becker + Sharon Sommerville

Party list pr-example total seats

Preferential ballot

Mixed compensatory example fptp

Mixed-compensatory-example compensatory seats

Mixed-compensatory-example total seats

Electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them

Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them. This system aims to create a representative body that reflects the overall distribution of public support for each political party. Proportional representation contrasts with majoritarian and plurality voting systems, where the winning candidate or party may not necessarily represent the majority of voters.

Types of Proportional Representation

There are several types of proportional representation systems, including:

• Party-list proportional representation
• Mixed-member proportional representation
• Single transferable vote

Party-list Proportional Representation

In a party-list proportional representation system, voters cast their ballots for a party rather than individual candidates. The parties then receive seats in proportion to their share of the vote. This system can be further divided into closed list and open list systems.

Mixed-member Proportional Representation

Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) combines elements of proportional representation and first-past-the-post voting. Voters typically have two votes: one for a party and one for a local candidate. The overall composition of the legislature is adjusted to ensure proportionality.

Single Transferable Vote

The single transferable vote (STV) is a proportional representation system where voters rank candidates in order of preference. Seats are allocated through a process of transferring votes according to voters' preferences until all seats are filled.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Proportional representation has several advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

• More accurate representation of the electorate's preferences.
• Encourages multi-party systems and coalition governments.
• Reduces the likelihood of gerrymandering.

Disadvantages

• Can lead to fragmented parliaments with many small parties.
• May result in less stable governments due to coalition politics.
• Complex voting and counting processes.

Countries Using Proportional Representation

Many countries use proportional representation systems, including:

• Germany
• New Zealand
• Sweden
• Israel

Related Pages

• Electoral system
• Majoritarian representation
• Plurality voting system
• Gerrymandering
• Coalition government

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