Hypospadias

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Hypospadias
File:Hypospadias-lg.jpg Hypospadias
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Abnormal urethral opening, Downward curvature of the penis, Hooded foreskin
Complications	Urinary tract infections, Infertility
Onset	Congenital
Duration	Lifelong if untreated
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic factors, Environmental factors
Risks	Family history, Maternal age, Exposure to certain substances
Diagnosis	Physical examination, Ultrasound
Differential diagnosis	Chordee, Epispadias
Prevention	Avoidance of certain medications during pregnancy
Treatment	Surgical repair
Medication	Hormone therapy (in some cases)
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	1 in 200 to 1 in 300 male births
Deaths	N/A

Hypospadias represents a congenital abnormality where the placement of the urethra's opening, also known as the meatus, does not adhere to the norm. This urethral orifice, a critical channel for urine expulsion, typically finds itself located at the tip of the penis in males and in front of the vaginal opening in females. However, in instances of hypospadias, this opening is anomalously positioned on the ventral aspect of the penis in males, or within the vagina in females<ref>

Hypospadias - Symptoms and causes(link). Mayo Clinic.

Accessed 2023-06-19.

</ref>.

File:Hypospadias penis aged 55.jpg

Hypospadias penis aged 55

Hypospadias predominantly affects males, with the severity varying from slight displacement of the urethral opening to more severe cases where the meatus resides closer to the scrotum or between the scrotum and the anus.

Etiology and Risk Factors

While the precise causes of hypospadias are still shrouded in mystery, a blend of genetic and environmental factors are suspected. Some research alludes to increased risk following exposure to certain hormones like progesterone during gestation<ref>

Hypospadias: Etiology and Current Research(link). U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Accessed 2023-06-19.

</ref>. Moreover, there's noted correlation between children diagnosed with hypospadias and a heightened risk for developing Wilms tumor, a renal cancer variant<ref>

Hypospadias and Increased Risk for Wilms Tumor(link). U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Accessed 2023-06-19.

</ref>.

Treatment

The principal mode of treating hypospadias is surgical intervention, typically administered during infancy or early childhood. The objective of this procedure is to relocate the urethral orifice to its conventional position, thereby improving both the functional and aesthetic implications of the condition<ref>

Hypospadias(link). Urology Care Foundation.

Accessed 2023-06-19.

</ref>. Despite the intricacies involved in these surgeries, they boast high success rates, allowing the majority of patients to lead normal lives post-recovery.

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