Panayiotopoulos syndrome

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Panayiotopoulos syndrome
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Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Seizures, vomiting, pallor, eye deviation, headache
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically between 3 and 6 years of age
Duration	Seizures last from a few minutes to over an hour
Types	Autonomic seizures
Causes	Unknown, possibly genetic
Risks	Family history of epilepsy
Diagnosis	EEG, clinical evaluation
Differential diagnosis	Benign Rolandic Epilepsy, Absence seizure
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Often not required, but may include antiepileptic drugs
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good, with most children outgrowing the condition
Frequency	Affects 6% of children with epilepsy
Deaths	N/A

Panayiotopoulos syndrome (also known as PS) is a relatively common epilepsy syndrome that affects children aged between 3 and 6 years old. It is characterized by seizures, often occurring during sleep, and is typically outgrown by adolescence.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of Panayiotopoulos syndrome is seizures. These seizures often occur during sleep and can last for several minutes to a few hours. The seizures are often accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as changes in skin color, heart rate, and pupil size. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and eye deviation.

Causes

The exact cause of Panayiotopoulos syndrome is unknown. However, it is believed to be genetic in nature, as it often runs in families. Some researchers believe that it may be related to a mutation in the CHRNA4 gene.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Panayiotopoulos syndrome is based on the child's symptoms and medical history. A neurological examination may be performed to rule out other conditions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) testing is often used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for Panayiotopoulos syndrome typically involves antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These medications can help to control seizures and reduce their frequency. In some cases, a ketogenic diet may be recommended.

Prognosis

The prognosis for children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome is generally good. Most children outgrow the condition by adolescence and do not experience long-term neurological effects.

See also

• Epilepsy
• Seizure
• Autonomic symptoms
• CHRNA4
• Neurological examination
• Electroencephalogram
• Antiepileptic drugs
• Ketogenic diet

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