Nome (Egypt)

Ancient Egypt map-hiero

Lower Egypt Nomes 01

UpperEgyptNomes

Middle Egypt Nomes

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Nome (Ancient Egyptian: sepat) was a territorial division in ancient Egypt used from the Old Kingdom period to the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The term "nome" is derived from the Greek nomos, meaning "law", reflecting the later Greek influence on Egypt. However, the ancient Egyptians referred to these districts as sepat. Each nome had its own unique symbol and local deity, often connected to the primary economic activity or natural features of the nome.

History

The origins of the nome system are unclear, but it is believed to have been established during the Predynastic Period of Egypt as communities formed around the Nile Valley. By the time of the Old Kingdom, the nome system was firmly in place, serving as both administrative and religious districts. The number of nomes varied over time, with about 42 in Upper Egypt and 20 in Lower Egypt, totaling 62.

During the Middle Kingdom, the nomes gained more autonomy, with local nomarchs (governors) gaining power. However, the New Kingdom saw the central government reassert control over the nomes, reducing the power of the nomarchs.

In the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the nomes were maintained as administrative units, but with significant Greek influence in their administration and culture. The Ptolemaic period saw the introduction of new deities and the integration of Greek and Egyptian religious practices.

Administration

Each nome was governed by a nomarch, who was responsible for the administration, justice, and taxation of the nome. The nomarch was often a member of the local elite and held his position as a vassal to the pharaoh. The capital of a nome was called a niwt or sepat, and it was where the main temple and administrative buildings were located.

The nomes were responsible for the collection of taxes, which were paid in goods such as grain, livestock, and craft items. These taxes supported the state and the local temples. The nomes also had their own military units for defense and could be called upon by the pharaoh in times of war.

Culture and Religion

Each nome had a patron deity, and the worship of these local gods was an important aspect of daily life. The major deities of the Egyptian pantheon were worshipped throughout Egypt, but local cults often had unique practices and festivals. The temples within each nome served as centers of worship and played a significant role in the community, providing education, medical care, and distributing food during times of need.

Legacy

The nome system reflects the ancient Egyptians' ability to organize and administer their territory effectively. It allowed for local governance while maintaining a unified state, a balance that contributed to the longevity and stability of ancient Egyptian civilization. The concept of administrative divisions similar to the nomes can be seen in the administrative structures of many modern states.

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