Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission (pronounced: /ˌnʊəroʊ.trænsˈmɪʃ.ən/), also known as synaptic transmission, refers to the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). This process is fundamental to the overall function of the nervous system.

Etymology

The term "neurotransmission" is derived from "neuro," from the Greek neuron meaning "nerve," and "transmission," from the Latin transmissio meaning "sending over or across."

Process

Neurotransmission begins when an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. This triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in vesicles, into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing a change in its membrane potential. If the change is significant enough, it may trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

Types of Neurotransmitters

There are several types of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Each neurotransmitter has a different effect on the postsynaptic neuron. For example, acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction and dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure.

Related Terms

Synapse: The junction between two neurons where neurotransmission occurs.
Receptor: A protein on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific neurotransmitter.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter: A neurotransmitter that decreases the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
Excitatory neurotransmitter: A neurotransmitter that increases the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

External links

Medical encyclopedia article on Neurotransmission
Wikipedia's article - Neurotransmission

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Neurotransmission