NPO

NPO or Nil per os (Latin for "nothing by mouth") is a medical instruction meaning to withhold oral intake of food and fluids. It is a type of fasting used for medical reasons, such as preparation for surgery or other procedures that require an empty stomach.

Reasons for NPO

NPO is often required for a safe anesthesia during surgery, as the presence of food or fluid in the stomach can increase the risk of aspiration, a potentially serious condition where stomach contents are inhaled into the lungs.

NPO may also be necessary for certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, such as endoscopy, to ensure a clear view of the gastrointestinal tract.

Duration of NPO

The duration of NPO depends on the type of procedure and the patient's medical condition. For most surgeries, patients are typically instructed to fast from midnight before the procedure. However, recent guidelines suggest that clear fluids may be allowed up to two hours before anesthesia.

Risks and Complications

While NPO is generally safe, prolonged fasting can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and other complications, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and children. Therefore, the duration of NPO should be as short as possible and patients should be carefully monitored.

See Also

• Fasting
• Anesthesia
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Endoscopy