Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals and regulates sleep and wakefulness. Melatonin is also produced in plants where it functions as a first line of defense against oxidative stress.

Production

In animals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located between the two hemispheres of the brain. The release of melatonin is influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, which receives information about light exposure from the retina.

In plants, melatonin is produced in response to exposure to light and certain other types of stress. It has a role in the photosynthesis process and helps to regulate the opening and closing of stomata on the plant's leaves.

Function

Melatonin has several functions in the central nervous system, the most important of which is to help control sleep patterns. It is involved in the timing of circadian rhythms, including sleep and body temperature.

In plants, melatonin functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Medical uses

Melatonin is used in medicine to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders. It is also used to treat jet lag, to adjust sleep-wake cycles in people who do shift work, and to help blind people establish a day and night cycle.

Side effects

Melatonin has few side effects, but they can include sleepiness, lower body temperature, and vivid dreams. Less common side effects can include abdominal discomfort, mild anxiety, irritability, confusion and short-lasting feelings of depression.

See also

• Circadian rhythm
• Pineal gland
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus
• Insomnia
• Jet lag

Melatonin

• Circadian rhythm
  Circadian rhythm
• Melatonin biosynthesis
  Melatonin biosynthesis
• 
  Melatonin mechanism