Mannitol

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol widely used in medicine for its osmotic properties. As a diagnostic and therapeutic agent, it serves multiple roles, including a diuretic in renal medicine, a cerebral edema treatment, and a sweetener in the food industry.

Mannitol - Copy

Introduction

Mannitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol found in many fruits and vegetables. It is often synthesized for use in the medical field due to its osmotic and diuretic properties. Additionally, it is utilized as a sweetening agent in the food industry.^[1]

Chemical Structure and Properties

Mannitol is a hexahydric alcohol, part of the family of polyols. It has six carbon structures, making it a hexitol. It is a white, crystalline solid that is odorless and has a sweet taste. Mannitol is highly soluble in water, and less soluble in alcohol.^[2]

Medical Applications

Mannitol has various medical applications:
Diuretic Agent: It is used as an osmotic diuretic in patients with acute renal failure or to reduce renal damage during certain surgical procedures.^[3]
Cerebral Edema: Mannitol is used to decrease intracranial pressure in patients suffering from cerebral edema.^[4]
Cystic Fibrosis: It is used as an inhaled osmotic agent to hydrate airway surface liquid and enhance mucociliary clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis.^[5]

Side Effects and Contraindications

While mannitol is generally safe, excessive use can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Additionally, it should not be used in patients with anuria or severe renal dysfunction. In some cases, mannitol can cause hypersensitivity reactions, including rash, angioedema, and bronchospasm.^[6]

References

↑ Shallenberger, R. S.. (1971). Sweetness of sugar alcohols. Journal of Food Science, 36(3), 365-372.
↑ Fennema, O. R., et al. (1996). Food Chemistry (3rd ed.). Marcel Dekker.
↑ Bagshaw, S. M., & Bellomo, R. (2007). The influence of volume management on outcome. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13(5), 541-548.
↑ Brain Trauma Foundation., & American Association of Neurological Surgeons. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(Supplement 1).
↑ Aitken, M. L., et al. (2012). Inhaled hypertonic saline in infants and children younger than 6 years with cystic fibrosis: the ISIS randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 307(21), 2269-2277.
↑ Davis, S. N., & Granner, D. K. (2016). Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas. In B. G. Katzung, S. B. Masters, & A. J. Trevor (Eds.), Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

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[1] Shallenberger, R. S.. (1971). Sweetness of sugar alcohols. Journal of Food Science, 36(3), 365-372.

[2] Fennema, O. R., et al. (1996). Food Chemistry (3rd ed.). Marcel Dekker.

[3] Bagshaw, S. M., & Bellomo, R. (2007). The influence of volume management on outcome. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13(5), 541-548.

[4] Brain Trauma Foundation., & American Association of Neurological Surgeons. (2007). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(Supplement 1).

[5] Aitken, M. L., et al. (2012). Inhaled hypertonic saline in infants and children younger than 6 years with cystic fibrosis: the ISIS randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 307(21), 2269-2277.

[6] Davis, S. N., & Granner, D. K. (2016). Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas. In B. G. Katzung, S. B. Masters, & A. J. Trevor (Eds.), Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

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