Integument

Integument is the natural outer covering of an organism. In many animals, it is known as skin. It serves as a protective barrier against environmental hazards and helps in maintaining homeostasis. The integument system includes skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands.

Structure

The integument is made up of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides a waterproof barrier. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

Functions

The integument serves several functions:

• Protection: It acts as a barrier that protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and UV radiation.
• Regulation: It helps in regulating body temperature through sweat and hair, and changes in peripheral circulation and fluid balance.
• Sensation: It contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.
• Excretion: Sweat glands in the skin help to excrete waste materials such as urea, uric acid, and excess water and salt.

Diseases and Disorders

There are many diseases and disorders that can affect the integument, including acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, skin cancer, and vitiligo. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and may include topical medications, systemic medications, and surgical procedures.

See Also

• Dermatology
• Skin Care
• Human Anatomy