Infiltration (medical)

Infiltration is a term used in the medical field to describe the process whereby a substance, typically a liquid, passes or is introduced into a part of the body where it is not normally present. This term is most commonly associated with the administration of intravenous (IV) fluids and medications, where the intended path is through a vein. However, when the fluid unintentionally enters the surrounding tissue instead of the vein, it is referred to as an infiltration. This can lead to various complications, ranging from mild irritation to severe tissue damage, depending on the substance infiltrated and the amount.

Causes

Infiltration can occur for several reasons during IV therapy. Common causes include:

• Improper placement of the IV catheter
• Dislodgement of the IV catheter
• Vein perforation by the catheter
• Fragile or compromised veins that rupture easily

Symptoms

The symptoms of infiltration vary depending on the extent of the infiltration and the type of fluid or medication that has infiltrated. Common symptoms include:

• Swelling at the IV site
• Pain or discomfort around the IV site
• Coolness of the skin around the IV site
• Decreased or stopped flow of IV fluid
• Tightness of the skin around the IV site

Prevention and Management

Preventing infiltration involves careful selection of the IV site, proper insertion techniques, and regular monitoring of the IV site and the patient's response. Management of infiltration includes:

• Immediate cessation of the infusion
• Removal of the IV catheter
• Elevation of the affected limb to reduce swelling
• Application of warm or cold compresses, depending on the type of infiltrate
• Close monitoring of the site for signs of complications

Complications

While most cases of infiltration are mild and resolve with appropriate care, severe cases can lead to complications such as:

• Extravasation: This occurs when a vesicant drug, which can cause blistering and tissue necrosis, infiltrates the tissue.
• Infection: The entry point of the IV can serve as a portal for bacteria, leading to infection.
• Tissue necrosis: Severe cases, especially with certain medications, can lead to tissue death around the infiltration site.

Conclusion

Infiltration is a potential complication of IV therapy that requires prompt recognition and appropriate management to prevent serious harm. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in their monitoring and care practices to minimize the risk of infiltration and its associated complications.

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  Bone marrow infiltration by hairy cell leukaemia