Heterologous

Heterologous refers to the biological concept of two different organisms, or parts thereof, that are not from the same species. This term is often used in the context of genetics, immunology, and transplantation.

Genetics

In genetics, heterologous refers to the process of transferring genetic material from one species to another. This is often done in the field of biotechnology to produce new organisms with desired traits. For example, the gene for human insulin has been inserted into bacteria to produce insulin for medical use.

Immunology

In immunology, heterologous refers to the reaction between an antibody and an antigen from different species. This can occur when an individual is exposed to a foreign substance, such as a virus or bacteria, and the immune system produces antibodies to fight off the infection.

Transplantation

In the field of transplantation, heterologous refers to the transplantation of organs or tissues from one species to another. This is also known as xenotransplantation. For example, heart valves from pigs have been used to replace damaged human heart valves.

See also

• Homologous
• Xenotransplantation
• Genetic engineering
• Immunology