Varicella zoster virus

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3), is one of the eight herpesviruses known to infect humans and vertebrates.<ref>,

 The varicella-zoster virus genome, 
 Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 
 2010,
 Vol. 342,
 pp. 1–14,
 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_41,</ref> VZV is responsible for causing two distinctive clinical conditions: varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).

File:Varicella (Chickenpox) Virus PHIL 1878 lores.jpg

Varicella (Chickenpox) Virus PHIL 1878 lores

Virology

VZV is a DNA virus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family. It contains a double-stranded DNA molecule encased within a icosahedral capsid and is enveloped by a lipid bilayer.<ref>Bernard N.,

 Fields Virology, 
  
 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 
 2013, 
  
  
 ISBN 9781451105636,</ref>

File:Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster).jpg

Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster)

Pathogenesis

Varicella, or chickenpox, is the primary disease caused by VZV. After initial infection, the virus remains latent in the sensory ganglia. It can reactivate years or decades later to cause herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles.<ref>,

 The varicella-zoster virus: a uniquely human pathogen, 
 Microbiology Spectrum, 
 2016,
 Vol. 4,
 
 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0019-2015,</ref>

Clinical Manifestations

• Chickenpox

Chickenpox, primarily a disease of childhood, is characterized by fever and a vesicular rash. It is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with skin lesions.<ref>Basil J.,

 Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis, 
  
 Elsevier, 
 2018, 
  
  
 ISBN 9780323393034,</ref>

• Shingles

Shingles is characterized by a painful vesicular rash typically localized to one dermatome. It often occurs in older adults or individuals with a compromised immune system.<ref>,

 The re-emergence of herpes zoster: a tale of two diseases, 
 Age and Ageing, 
 2020,
 Vol. 49(Issue: 2),
 pp. 198–203,
 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afz170,</ref>

Diagnosis

VZV infection can typically be diagnosed based on clinical presentation. Laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing can confirm the diagnosis.<ref>,

 Laboratory testing for varicella-zoster virus, 
 Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 
 2010,
 Vol. 30(Issue: 2),
 pp. 457–473,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.006,</ref>

Treatment and Prevention

Antiviral therapy with acyclovir or its analogs can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if administered early in the course of the disease. Prevention is through vaccination, with separate vaccines available for varicella and herpes zoster.<ref>,

 The future of varicella zoster virus vaccination, 
 Expert Review of Vaccines, 
 2017,
 Vol. 16(Issue: 9),
 pp. 961–973,
 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1357479,</ref>

Epidemiology

The prevalence of VZV is worldwide. Prior to the introduction of the varicella vaccine, nearly all individuals had been infected by adulthood. The incidence of chickenpox has significantly decreased in countries with routine childhood varicella vaccination.<ref>,

 Varicella-Zoster Virus Epidemiology—A Changing Scene?, 
 Journal of Infectious Diseases, 
 2018,
 Vol. 218(Issue: S2),
 pp. S72–S77,
 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy432,</ref>

Research

Ongoing research focuses on the pathogenesis of latency and reactivation of VZV, as well as the development of more effective vaccines and antiviral therapies.<ref>,

 Varicella-zoster virus research: From the laboratory to the clinic, 
 Journal of NeuroVirology, 
 2020,
 Vol. 26(Issue: 6),
 pp. 780–790,
 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00883-z,</ref>

See also

• Chickenpox
• Shingles
• Herpes zoster vaccine
• Acyclovir

References

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