Harpsichord

Klavecimbel, BK-2017-42

Ms 7295 f 128 Henri Arnault de Zwolle

MDMB 418, detall de clavicèmbal, Christian Zell, Museu de la Música de Barcelona

HarpsichordMechanism-EN

Jack diagram-EN

Harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It belongs to the family of stringed instruments, and its strings are plucked rather than struck, distinguishing it from the piano. The harpsichord was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque music. Over time, it was eventually overshadowed by the piano in the 18th century. However, the 20th century saw a revival of interest in the harpsichord, particularly in historically informed performances of older music.

History

The harpsichord originated in the late Middle Ages, with the earliest references dating back to the 14th century. It evolved from earlier plucked instruments such as the psaltery and the dulcimer. By the 16th century, the harpsichord had become a prominent instrument in European music, flourishing in the Renaissance and reaching its peak in the Baroque period. Composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, Domenico Scarlatti, and François Couperin wrote extensively for the instrument.

Design and Mechanism

A typical harpsichord design includes a wooden case, a keyboard, and strings that run parallel to the keyboard. The strings are plucked by small plectra mounted on jacks that are activated by pressing the keys. Unlike the piano, the harpsichord does not have the ability to vary the volume of sound by touch; the intensity of the sound is constant regardless of how softly or forcefully the keys are pressed. Some harpsichords include two keyboards, or manuals, and may feature stops that allow the player to change the sound by controlling which sets of strings are plucked.

Types of Harpsichords

There are several types of harpsichords, including the Italian, Flemish, French, and German harpsichords, each with its own distinctive characteristics and construction methods. The Italian harpsichords are known for their light construction and bright tone, while Flemish instruments are often more heavily built and have a richer sound. French harpsichords, used extensively in the court of Louis XIV, are notable for their elaborate decoration and the inclusion of a wider range of stops. German harpsichords, including those made by the renowned builder Michael Mietke, are admired for their robust construction and powerful tone.

Repertoire and Performance

The harpsichord's repertoire spans several centuries, including both solo and ensemble works. In the Renaissance and Baroque periods, it played a central role in the performance of chamber music, opera, and sacred music. The instrument's distinctive sound is also essential to the performance of continuo parts, where the harpsichord provides the harmonic foundation for a piece of music.

Revival and Modern Use

The 20th century saw a resurgence of interest in the harpsichord, driven by the Early Music movement's emphasis on historical authenticity. Modern builders have recreated historical instruments and developed new designs that expand the harpsichord's capabilities. Today, the harpsichord is celebrated not only for its historical significance but also for its unique sound and its role in contemporary music, including classical, jazz, and even pop music.

See Also

• Clavichord
• Fortepiano
• Spinet
• Virginal