Harlem

Harlem map2

Harlem, from the old fort in the Central Park (NYPL b13512822-424264)

Three Harlem Women, ca. 1925

Harlem 135 street buildings

Harlem condemned building

Harlem is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is a key cultural and business center in the city, known for its historical significance, diverse culture, and vibrant community life. Harlem has played a pivotal role in the history of African-American culture, particularly during the Harlem Renaissance, a flourishing of arts and culture that took place during the 1920s and 1930s.

History

Harlem was originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658. It is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem's development began in earnest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as transportation into Manhattan improved. The neighborhood experienced a real estate boom, and the population grew rapidly. However, by the early 20th century, many of Harlem's white residents had moved out, and African-American residents began to move in, in large numbers, particularly during the Great Migration, when African Americans moved from the rural Southern United States to the North.

The Harlem Renaissance was a key period in the neighborhood's history, seeing a surge in cultural development, including literature, music, theater, and visual arts, much of which was centered on expressing the African-American experience. Figures such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Louis Armstrong were prominent during this time.

Following the Renaissance, Harlem experienced economic difficulties and social strife, including high crime rates and the effects of drug epidemics. However, since the late 20th century, parts of Harlem have been experiencing economic revitalization and gentrification, though this has also brought concerns about displacement and cultural preservation.

Geography

Harlem is bounded roughly by the Harlem River to the north, the East River to the east, Central Park North to the south, and Amsterdam Avenue to the west. It encompasses several sub-neighborhoods, including Central Harlem, West Harlem, and East Harlem (often referred to as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio).

Culture

Harlem has been a significant cultural center for New York City, especially in the realms of music, literature, and art. It is particularly noted for its contributions to jazz, with venues like the Apollo Theater playing a crucial role in the development of the genre. The neighborhood is also home to important institutions like the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and the Studio Museum in Harlem, which focus on African-American art and cultural history.

Economy

The economy of Harlem is diverse, with a mix of retail, services, and cultural institutions. In recent years, there has been significant investment in the area, leading to the opening of new businesses and real estate development. However, economic disparities and gentrification remain challenges for the community.

Demographics

Harlem has historically been a center for African-American residents. However, the neighborhood has always been diverse, with significant Hispanic, White, and other populations. Recent years have seen demographic shifts, with an increasing number of non-African-American residents moving to the area.

Education

Harlem is served by the New York City Department of Education, hosting numerous public schools, as well as charter schools and private educational institutions. Higher education institutions in Harlem include the City College of New York and Touro College.

Transportation

Public transportation in Harlem is extensive, with multiple New York City Subway lines and bus routes serving the area. Major thoroughfares include 125th Street, which is a key commercial and transit corridor.