Glutamate receptor
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's predominant neurotransmitter.
Types of Glutamate Receptors
There are two main types of glutamate receptors:
- Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors (iGluRs) - These are ligand-gated ion channels that are directly activated by glutamate. They are divided into three groups: NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and kainate receptors.
- Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs) - These are G protein-coupled receptors that activate biochemical cascades when stimulated by glutamate, leading to changes in cell function.
Function
Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. They are implicated in various neurological conditions and are the means by which glutamate can cause excitotoxicity.
Clinical Significance
Glutamate receptors are involved in multiple neurological diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They are also involved in physiological processes like learning and memory in the brain.
Research and Therapeutics
Research into glutamate receptors and their role in disease, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, is a rapidly expanding field. Many drugs that target the glutamate system are used in treatment of neurological disorders, including memantine for Alzheimer's disease and riluzole for ALS.
See Also
References
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