Extended periodic table

Extended Periodic Table

The Extended Periodic Table theorizes about the chemical elements beyond those currently known and included in the Periodic Table as recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The traditional periodic table ends with element 118 (Oganesson), but the extended versions project the inclusion of elements up to atomic numbers 120, 122, or even beyond 172, based on various theoretical models.

Overview

The concept of the extended periodic table arises from the extrapolation of the periodic law, which organizes chemical elements by their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Scientists, including Glenn T. Seaborg, one of the discoverers of several transuranium elements, have proposed models that extend the periodic table to accommodate potential elements beyond the seventh period. These hypothetical elements are referred to as superheavy elements or transactinide elements.

Theoretical Models

Several theoretical models exist for the extended periodic table. One of the most recognized is the Seaborg model, which predicts the existence of elements up to atomic number 122. Beyond this, the models become more speculative, incorporating elements in the eighth, ninth, and even tenth periods. These models often include a "g-block" of elements, expanding the periodic table horizontally.

Eighth Period

The eighth period of the extended periodic table is predicted to follow the same principles as the earlier periods, starting with elements 119 and 120, which would belong to the s-block. Following these, the f-block would resume, including elements 121 to 138, and then proceeding to the d-block and finally the p-block, potentially ending with element 172. The exact properties and stability of these elements remain speculative, as current technology has not yet allowed for their synthesis or observation.

Island of Stability

One significant aspect of the extended periodic table is the concept of the Island of Stability. This theoretical region suggests that certain superheavy elements, particularly those with a "magic number" of protons or neutrons, would exhibit greater stability and longer half-lives than those around them. The island of stability is primarily centered around elements with atomic numbers in the range of 114 to 120 and neutron numbers around 184.

Challenges in Discovery

The discovery and synthesis of superheavy elements pose significant challenges. These include the need for advanced particle accelerators, highly sensitive detection methods to observe the decay of these elements, and the inherently short half-lives that make it difficult to study their chemical properties. As of now, elements up to atomic number 118 have been synthesized, with ongoing efforts to reach elements 119 and beyond.

Implications

The extended periodic table has implications for both theoretical chemistry and physics. It challenges our understanding of the forces that hold nuclei together and offers the potential for discovering new chemical properties and reactions. Additionally, the synthesis of superheavy elements provides evidence for the predictions of nuclear models and the limits of atomic stability.

See Also

• Periodic Table
• Transuranium Elements
• Island of Stability
• Superheavy Elements
• Glenn T. Seaborg

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Extended_periodic_table

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  Pyykko periodic table up to element 172
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  Extended periodic table with elements up to 172
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  Expanded view of the periodic table including superheavy elements
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  Energy eigenvalues for superheavy elements
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  1s negative continuum states