Endothelial dysfunction

Endothelial Dysfunction

Endothelial dysfunction (/ɛnˌdoʊθiˈiːliəl dɪsˈfʌŋkʃən/) is a systemic pathological state of the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels) and is broadly defined as an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances produced by (or acting on) the endothelium.

Etymology

The term "endothelial dysfunction" is derived from the Greek words "endon" (within), "thelē" (nipple), and "dysfunction" (abnormal or impaired function). It refers to the impaired functioning of the endothelium, the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels.

Definition

Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO), and an increase in endothelium-derived contracting factors such as endothelin-1 (ET-1). This leads to an overall imbalance in vasodilation and vasoconstriction, promoting the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Causes

Endothelial dysfunction can be caused by various factors including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and aging. These factors can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and other processes that damage the endothelium.

Related Terms

• Vasodilation: The widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls.
• Vasoconstriction: The narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels.
• Nitric Oxide: A molecule that helps blood vessels relax and widen, improving blood flow.
• Endothelin-1: A potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells.

See Also

• Cardiovascular disease
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Smoking
• Aging

External links

• Medical encyclopedia article on Endothelial dysfunction
• Wikipedia's article - Endothelial dysfunction

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