Earthquake

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities.

Causes

Earthquakes are caused primarily by the release of elastic strain energy that has been accumulated over time due to tectonic forces. The Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large and small tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. The boundaries where these plates meet are sites of intense geological activity, including earthquakes.

Effects

The effects of earthquakes can be devastating, leading to loss of life and property. They can cause buildings and other structures to collapse, trigger landslides and tsunamis, and result in other secondary effects such as fires, floods, and disease outbreaks.

Measurement

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage in populated areas.

Earthquake preparedness

Earthquake preparedness involves making arrangements and plans to ensure the safety of individuals and property before an earthquake occurs. This includes creating and practicing evacuation plans, preparing emergency supply kits, and securing heavy items to prevent them from causing injury during an earthquake.

See also

• Seismology
• Plate tectonics
• Tsunami
• Landslide

References

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Earthquake

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  Quake epicenters 1963-98

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  Global plate motion 2008-04-17

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  Map of earthquakes 1900-

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  USGS magnitude 8 earthquakes since 1900

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  Fault types

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  Kluft photo Carrizo Plain Nov 2007 Img 0327

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  Hotel San Salvador

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  Kahramanmaraş after 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Türkiye 5

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  2016 Central Italy earthquake wide

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  Vittime del terremoto di Messina (dicembre 1908)

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  1755 Lisbon earthquake

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  Haiti earthquake damage