Dhyana

Dhyana

Dhyana (Sanskrit: ध्यान) is a term used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that refers to a profound state of meditation. It is a key component of the spiritual practices in these traditions and is considered essential for achieving higher states of consciousness and ultimately, moksha or liberation.

Etymology

The word "dhyana" is derived from the Sanskrit root "dhyai," which means "to think of." It is often translated as "meditation" or "contemplation." In the context of spiritual practice, dhyana involves focusing the mind on a particular object, thought, or activity to achieve a state of deep concentration and inner peace.

Dhyana in Hinduism

In Hinduism, dhyana is one of the eight limbs of Yoga as outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. It follows dharana (concentration) and precedes samadhi (absorption). Dhyana is the practice of sustained attention and meditation on a single point of focus, leading to a state of profound stillness and insight.

Practice

The practice of dhyana in Hinduism involves:

• Sitting in a comfortable and stable posture, such as Padmasana (lotus position).
• Focusing the mind on a single object, such as a mantra, a deity, or the breath.
• Allowing thoughts to pass without attachment, maintaining a state of calm awareness.

Dhyana in Buddhism

In Buddhism, dhyana is often referred to as "jhana" in the Pali language. It is a meditative state that is part of the Noble Eightfold Path, specifically under the category of "right concentration." Jhana involves deep mental absorption and is divided into four stages, each characterized by increasing levels of concentration and tranquility.

The Four Jhanas

1. First Jhana: Characterized by applied and sustained thought, rapture, and pleasure born of seclusion. 2. Second Jhana: Involves the fading away of applied and sustained thought, with rapture and pleasure born of concentration. 3. Third Jhana: Marked by the fading of rapture, with equanimity and mindfulness, and pleasure felt in the body. 4. Fourth Jhana: Characterized by the purity of equanimity and mindfulness, without pleasure or pain.

Dhyana in Jainism

In Jainism, dhyana is an important practice for spiritual development and is considered essential for achieving kevala jnana (omniscience). Jain texts describe various types of dhyana, including:

• Arta Dhyana: Meditation on distress or suffering.
• Raudra Dhyana: Meditation on cruel or harmful thoughts.
• Dharma Dhyana: Meditation on the nature of reality and the teachings of the Tirthankaras.
• Shukla Dhyana: Pure meditation leading to liberation.

Significance

Dhyana is a crucial practice in these spiritual traditions as it helps practitioners cultivate a focused and tranquil mind, which is necessary for deeper spiritual insights and liberation. It is often practiced in conjunction with other spiritual disciplines such as ethical conduct, study of scriptures, and devotion.

See Also

• Meditation
• Samadhi
• Yoga
• Mindfulness

References

• Patanjali. Yoga Sutras.
• Buddhaghosa. Visuddhimagga.
• Jain Agamas.