Phenformin

Phenformin.svg

Phenformin is a biguanide class antidiabetic drug that was introduced in the 1950s for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It was withdrawn from most markets in the late 1970s due to its association with a high risk of lactic acidosis.

History

Phenformin was developed in the 1950s and was widely used as an oral hypoglycemic agent. It was marketed under various brand names and was considered effective in lowering blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, by the late 1970s, it became evident that phenformin was associated with a significant risk of lactic acidosis, a potentially fatal condition. As a result, it was withdrawn from the market in many countries.

Mechanism of Action

Phenformin works by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing peripheral glucose uptake. It also enhances the sensitivity of insulin receptors, thereby improving glucose utilization in the body. Unlike sulfonylureas, phenformin does not stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.

Side Effects

The most serious side effect of phenformin is lactic acidosis, which can be fatal. Other side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Due to its severe side effect profile, phenformin is no longer used in clinical practice.

Withdrawal from Market

The association of phenformin with lactic acidosis led to its withdrawal from the market in many countries. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) withdrew phenformin in 1977. Other countries followed suit, and it is now rarely used, having been replaced by other biguanides like metformin, which has a much lower risk of lactic acidosis.

Current Status

Phenformin is no longer widely available or used in clinical practice. However, it remains a subject of research, particularly in the context of its potential anticancer properties. Some studies have suggested that phenformin may have a role in inhibiting the growth of certain types of cancer cells, although this is still under investigation.

See Also

• Metformin
• Type 2 diabetes
• Lactic acidosis
• Biguanide

External Links

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Related topics	Diabetes mellitus · Insulin · Hypoglycemia · Hyperglycemia