Combined oral contraceptive pill

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or simply the pill, is a type of contraceptive that is designed to be taken orally.

Combined oral contraceptive pill (2)

Overview

Combined oral contraceptive pills contain synthetic forms of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which are naturally produced by the ovaries. These hormones prevent ovulation, modify the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, and alter the endometrial lining to reduce the likelihood of implantation, should fertilization occur.

Types of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

• There are three main types of COCPs, distinguished by the dosage of hormones they contain:
• Monophasic pills: These have a uniform amount of estrogen and progestin throughout the pill pack.
• Biphasic and triphasic pills: These vary the amount of hormones during the pill pack to more closely mimic the body's natural hormone fluctuations.
• Quadriphasic pills: These provide four different doses of hormones throughout the pill pack.

Benefits and Risks

• In addition to providing effective contraception, COCPs can reduce menstrual cramps, regulate menstrual cycles, and decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, such as endometrial and ovarian cancer.
• However, as with any medication, there are risks associated with use. These include an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction, particularly in women who smoke or have other cardiovascular risk factors.

Side Effects

Common side effects of COCPs include breakthrough bleeding, nausea, weight gain, and mood changes. Most of these side effects are transient and improve after the first few months of use.

Clinical Considerations

Before prescribing COCPs, healthcare providers should conduct a thorough medical history and physical examination. Certain conditions may contraindicate use, such as a history of thromboembolism or stroke, certain types of cancer, and severe liver disease.

See Also

• Contraception
• Progestin-only pill
• Emergency contraception