Cell polarity

Cell Polarity

Cell polarity (pronunciation: /sɛl pɒˈlærɪti/) is a fundamental aspect of cell biology that refers to the spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell.

Etymology

The term "Cell polarity" is derived from the Latin word 'cellula' meaning 'a small room' and the Greek word 'polaris' meaning 'axis'.

Definition

Cell polarity is the phenomenon by which distinct and opposite ends or poles are produced in a cell. This is a crucial characteristic of cells, particularly in multicellular organisms, where it allows for the specialization of cells for specific functions within the organism.

Types of Cell Polarity

There are three main types of cell polarity:

Apical-basal polarity: This is the most common type of cell polarity and is seen in epithelial cells. It involves the differentiation of the 'apical' (top) and 'basal' (bottom) ends of a cell.
Planar cell polarity: This type of polarity is seen in the plane of a tissue, where cells align themselves in a particular direction within the tissue.
Front-rear polarity: This type of polarity is seen in migrating cells, where the 'front' end of the cell leads the way and the 'rear' end follows.

Related Terms

Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence. It plays a key role in establishing and maintaining cell polarity.
Polarity protein: These are proteins that help establish cell polarity by localizing to specific ends or regions of the cell.
Polarity complex: This is a group of proteins that work together to establish cell polarity.