Brain death

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Brain death
Synonyms	Brainstem death
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	Neurology, Critical care medicine
Symptoms	Coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, apnea
Complications	Cardiac arrest, organ failure
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Permanent
Types	N/A
Causes	Severe brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, anoxic brain injury
Risks	Traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest
Diagnosis	Clinical examination, apnea test, EEG, cerebral angiography
Differential diagnosis	Coma, vegetative state, locked-in syndrome
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	None (irreversible condition)
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Death
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Radionuclide Cerebral Blood Flow Scan

Brain death is a clinical and legal definition of death that refers to the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem. This condition is characterized by the complete and permanent absence of neurological activity in the brain, resulting in the end of independent respiration.

Definition

The concept of brain death was first defined in 1968 by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School. The committee proposed that "irreversible coma" be considered a new criterion for death. This definition was updated in the 1980s and again in 2010 by the American Academy of Neurology to clarify diagnostic criteria and procedures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing brain death involves a series of tests that assess the absence of brain activity. These tests include a neurological examination, an apnea test, and sometimes additional confirmatory tests. The diagnosis must be made by a qualified physician, and in many jurisdictions, the diagnosis must be confirmed by a second physician.

Legal status

In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally recognized as death. This allows for the withdrawal of life support and the donation of organs. However, laws vary by country and sometimes by state or province. In some jurisdictions, families may object to the diagnosis of brain death on religious or cultural grounds.

Ethical issues

The concept of brain death raises a number of ethical issues, including the right to die, the definition of death, the ethics of organ transplantation, and the rights of patients and families. These issues are often debated in the fields of bioethics and medical ethics.

See also

• Coma
• Persistent vegetative state
• Locked-in syndrome
• End of life care
• Organ donation

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