Biotransformation

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Biotransformation

Biotransformation (pronunciation: bio-trans-for-ma-tion) is a biochemical process that alters the chemical structure of substances within living organisms.

Etymology

The term "biotransformation" is derived from the Greek words "bios" meaning life, and "transformation" meaning a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance.

Definition

Biotransformation is the process by which a substance changes from one chemical to another (transformed) by a chemical reaction within the body. It is a crucial process that helps the body to eliminate potentially harmful substances, including drugs and toxins, from the body.

Process

Biotransformation usually occurs through specialized enzymatic systems, primarily in the liver. The process involves two phases: Phase I (functionalization reactions) and Phase II (conjugation reactions). In Phase I, the substance is modified by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. In Phase II, the substance is conjugated with an endogenous substance to increase its solubility and facilitate its excretion.

Related Terms

  • Enzyme: Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up the rate of biochemical reactions.
  • Liver: The largest internal organ in the body, playing a major role in metabolism and detoxification.
  • Metabolism: The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
  • Oxidation: A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.
  • Reduction: A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.
  • Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller units through the addition of water.
  • Conjugation (biochemistry): The joining of two compounds, usually aided by an enzyme.

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