Biological pigment

Melopsittacus undulatus

Chlorophyll-a 3D

Biological pigments, also known as biochromes or biopigments, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. These pigments are found in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. They play various roles, including photosynthesis in plants, camouflage, sexual selection, and warning coloration in animals.

Types of Biological Pigments

Biological pigments can be classified based on their chemical structure, biological function, or solubility. Some of the major types include:

• Chlorophyll: Green pigments found in plants and some microorganisms, essential for photosynthesis.
• Carotenoids: Yellow, orange, and red pigments found in many plants, fungi, and bacteria. They are involved in photosynthesis and protect against photooxidative damage.
• Melanin: Pigments found in most organisms, responsible for colors ranging from black to brown and even pink. In animals, melanin pigments are involved in coloration, UV protection, and immune system regulation.
• Hemoglobin: A red pigment found in the red blood cells of vertebrates, responsible for oxygen transport.
• Bilirubin: A yellow pigment that is a breakdown product of hemoglobin and is found in bile. It is responsible for the yellow coloration of bruises and the yellowing of the skin and eyes in jaundice.

Functions of Biological Pigments

Biological pigments serve a wide range of functions in different organisms:

• Photosynthesis: Pigments like chlorophyll and certain carotenoids capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy.
• Protection: Many pigments protect tissues from damage by absorbing harmful UV radiation or by acting as antioxidants.
• Camouflage: Pigments can help organisms blend into their environment to avoid predation.
• Signaling: Brightly colored pigments can be used for signaling between the same species for mating purposes or as warning colors to deter predators.
• Health: Some pigments, such as bilirubin, are important indicators of health conditions in animals, including humans.

Distribution and Evolution

Biological pigments are widely distributed across different species and ecosystems. The evolution of pigments has been a critical factor in the survival of many species, allowing them to adapt to their environments, find food, and avoid predators. The diversity of pigments and their functions reflects the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

Research and Applications

Research into biological pigments has applications in medicine, cosmetics, and art. For example, understanding the role of melanin in skin coloration and its production can inform treatments for skin conditions and the development of sunscreen products. Similarly, the study of chlorophyll has implications for improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in crops.

Biological pigment gallery

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  Orange violet pansies

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  Bougainvillea 3 colors

See Also

• Photosynthesis
• Carotenoids
• Melanin
• Hemoglobin
• Bilirubin

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