Back anatomy

The human back is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest. The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom.

Structure

The back comprises the posterior aspect of the trunk, from the neck to the pelvis. It involves several structures, including the vertebral column, ribs, scapula, and numerous muscles, nerves, and other soft tissues.

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs. It houses and protects the spinal cord in its spinal canal.

Ribs

The ribs of the human body protect the thoracic cavity and its organs. At the back, they connect to the vertebral column.

Scapula

The scapula is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). It is a sturdy bone of the back and forms part of the shoulder.

Muscles

The muscles of the back are categorized into three groups: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The superficial and intermediate muscles are involved in movements of the shoulder. The deep muscles maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column.

Function

The back serves several key functions in the human body, including structural support, movement, and protection of certain body tissues. It provides attachment for many muscles that move the arms and trunk. It also houses the spinal cord, a major pathway of communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

Clinical significance

Back pain is a common problem, often caused by poor posture, lifting heavy objects incorrectly, or sudden awkward movements. Conditions such as herniated disc, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis can also cause back pain.

See also

• Spine
• Human skeleton
• Muscular system

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