Anoikis

Anoikis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in anchorage-dependent cells when they detach from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). This process is significant in tissue homeostasis and development. Anoikis resistance is a critical factor in cancer metastasis.

Overview

Anoikis is a Greek word meaning "homelessness". It was first described in 1994 by Frisch and Francis. The term is used to describe the process where cells undergo apoptosis when they lose contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) or neighboring cells. This is a crucial mechanism in preventing detached cells from colonizing elsewhere in the organism, thus preventing the spread of cancer cells.

Mechanism

The mechanism of anoikis is complex and involves several pathways. The main pathway is the integrin-mediated survival signals. When cells detach from the ECM, the integrin signals are lost, leading to the activation of caspase enzymes and cell death. Other pathways include the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathway and the Hippo pathway.

Role in Cancer

Anoikis resistance is a hallmark of cancer cells. Cancer cells can resist anoikis and survive after detachment from the ECM. This allows them to metastasize and colonize distant organs. Understanding the mechanisms of anoikis and anoikis resistance is crucial for the development of new cancer therapies.

See Also

• Apoptosis
• Cancer metastasis
• Extracellular matrix
• Integrin
• Caspase
• Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
• Hippo pathway