Ancylostoma duodenale

Ancylostoma duodenale larva

Ancylostoma duodenale is a species of hookworm that infects humans. It is one of the major causes of hookworm disease, which is a type of helminthiasis. This parasitic nematode is primarily found in the small intestine of its host, where it attaches to the intestinal wall and feeds on blood, leading to anemia and other health issues.

Life cycle

The life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale begins when larvae in contaminated soil penetrate the skin of a human host, typically through the feet. Once inside the body, the larvae travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, where they are coughed up and swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine. In the intestine, the larvae mature into adult worms, which can live for several years.

Adult worms attach to the intestinal mucosa using their buccal capsule, which contains cutting plates that allow them to feed on the host's blood. Female worms lay eggs that are passed out of the host's body in the feces. In the environment, these eggs hatch into larvae, continuing the cycle.

Pathophysiology

Infection with Ancylostoma duodenale can lead to significant blood loss due to the worm's feeding habits. This blood loss can result in iron-deficiency anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and pallor. In severe cases, especially in children, it can lead to growth retardation and cognitive impairment.

The presence of the worms in the intestine can also cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. The skin penetration by larvae can result in localized itching and rash, known as "ground itch."

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale infection is typically made by identifying eggs in a stool sample using microscopy. The eggs are oval and have a thin shell, which distinguishes them from other parasitic eggs.

Treatment

Treatment for Ancylostoma duodenale infection involves the use of anthelmintic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole. These drugs are effective in killing the adult worms in the intestine. In addition to anthelmintic therapy, iron supplements may be necessary to address anemia.

Prevention

Preventing infection with Ancylostoma duodenale involves improving sanitation and hygiene practices. This includes wearing shoes to prevent skin contact with contaminated soil, using proper sanitation facilities, and ensuring access to clean water.

Related pages

• Hookworm
• Helminthiasis
• Anemia
• Parasitic worm