American Sign Language

American Sign Language

An illustration of the American Sign Language alphabet.

American Sign Language (ASL) is a complete, natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of Anglophone Canada. ASL is a visual language, with its own unique grammar and syntax, distinct from English.

History

The origins of ASL can be traced back to the early 19th century. It was influenced by French Sign Language (LSF) and various local sign languages and gestures used by Deaf communities in the United States. The establishment of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817 played a significant role in the development and standardization of ASL.

Linguistic Features

ASL is a spatial language that uses handshapes, movements, and facial expressions to convey meaning. It has its own grammar, which includes:

• Syntax: ASL syntax is different from English. For example, the typical sentence structure in ASL is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), but it can also be Topic-Comment.
• Morphology: ASL uses inflection to convey tense, aspect, and other grammatical features.
• Non-manual markers: Facial expressions and body movements are integral to ASL grammar, providing context and emotional tone.

Usage

ASL is used by approximately 500,000 people in the United States and Canada. It is the primary language of many Deaf North Americans and is also used by hearing individuals who are part of the Deaf community, such as family members and interpreters.

Education and Interpretation

ASL is taught in many schools and universities across the United States. It is also used in various settings, including:

• Education: ASL is used as a medium of instruction in schools for the Deaf.
• Interpreting: Professional ASL interpreters facilitate communication between Deaf and hearing individuals in various settings, such as medical appointments, legal proceedings, and public events.

An ASL interpreter facilitating communication.

Cultural Significance

ASL is not just a means of communication; it is a vital part of Deaf culture. It embodies the values, traditions, and identity of the Deaf community. ASL literature, including poetry and storytelling, is an important cultural expression.

Also see

• Deaf culture
• Sign language
• Manual alphabet
• Gallaudet University
• National Association of the Deaf

References

• Lane, Harlan, et al. "A Journey into the Deaf-World." DawnSignPress, 1996.
• Padden, Carol, and Tom Humphries. "Inside Deaf Culture." Harvard University Press, 2005.