Ambrose

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Altare di s. ambrogio, 824-859 ca., retro di vuolvino, storie di sant'ambrogio 06 miracolo delle api

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Ambrose (c. 340–397), also known as Aurelius Ambrosius, was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He is counted as one of the four original Doctors of the Church in Western Christianity and is remembered for his role in the development of Christian theology, particularly in the areas of ethics, liturgy, and ecclesiology. His contributions to the Christian tradition include the promotion of monasticism, the establishment of a standard for church music that would influence Gregorian chant, and a body of theological and moral writings that would become foundational texts for later Christian thought.

Life

Ambrose was born around 340 AD in Trier, in present-day Germany, to a Roman Christian family. His father was a prefect of Gaul, a high-ranking official in the Roman Empire. After his father's death, Ambrose moved to Rome with his mother and siblings, where he received a classical education. He later moved to Milan, where he was appointed as the governor of Liguria and Emilia, with his headquarters in Milan, the then-capital of the Western Roman Empire.

In 374, the bishop of Milan died, and a dispute arose between the Arian Christians and the Nicene Christians over his succession. Ambrose, as governor, went to the church to mediate the dispute and was, to his surprise, unanimously elected bishop by both parties, despite being a catechumen (not yet baptized). He accepted the position, was baptized, and consecrated as bishop all within a week.

Contributions to Christianity

Ambrose is known for his contributions to Christian liturgy, theology, and ethics. He introduced antiphonal chant to the Western Church, a practice where two choirs sing in alternation, which greatly influenced the development of Western church music. His sermons and writings, many of which have survived, reflect a deep understanding of the Scriptures and a commitment to the Nicene Creed, which defined the divinity of Jesus Christ against Arianism.

Ambrose also played a significant role in the political and religious life of his time. He famously stood up to Roman emperors on several occasions. His most notable confrontation was with Emperor Theodosius I, whom he excommunicated for the massacre of 7,000 people in Thessalonica, until Theodosius did public penance.

He was also a mentor to Saint Augustine of Hippo, one of the most important figures in Western Christianity, who was baptized by Ambrose in 387.

Writings

Ambrose's writings include ethical treatises, sermons, and exegetical works. His De Officiis Ministrorum is considered one of the earliest examples of Christian ethics, drawing heavily on Cicero's De Officiis. His biblical exegesis had a significant influence on medieval and Renaissance Christian thought.

Legacy

Ambrose's legacy is vast. He is remembered for his contributions to the development of Christian doctrine, liturgy, and music. His stance against Arianism and his influence on figures such as Augustine have cemented his place as a pivotal figure in the history of Christianity. The Ambrosian Rite, the liturgy of the Archdiocese of Milan, is named after him, reflecting his lasting impact on the liturgical practices of the Church.

Ambrose is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Communion, and the Lutheran Church. His feast day is celebrated on December 7.

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