Vocal cord paresis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Vocal cord paresis
Synonyms	Vocal fold paresis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hoarseness, breathiness, dysphonia, dysphagia
Complications	Aspiration pneumonia, voice fatigue
Onset	Sudden or gradual
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Viral infection, surgery, trauma, neurological disorders
Risks	Smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease
Diagnosis	Laryngoscopy, stroboscopy, electromyography
Differential diagnosis	Vocal cord paralysis, laryngitis, thyroid disease
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Voice therapy, surgery, injection laryngoplasty
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depending on cause and treatment
Frequency	Unknown
Deaths	N/A

Vocal cord paresis is a condition characterized by the partial loss of function of one or both of the vocal cords. It is a type of laryngeal disorder that affects the ability of the vocal cords to move properly, leading to voice changes and potential breathing difficulties.

Anatomy and Physiology

The vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are located in the larynx (voice box) and are essential for phonation, the process of producing sound. The vocal cords are composed of muscle, ligament, and mucous membrane, and they vibrate to produce sound when air is expelled from the lungs through the trachea.

Causes

Vocal cord paresis can result from a variety of causes, including:

• Viral infections that affect the nerves controlling the vocal cords.
• Surgical trauma to the recurrent laryngeal nerve during procedures such as thyroidectomy.
• Neurological disorders such as stroke or multiple sclerosis.
• Tumors that compress the nerves or muscles involved in vocal cord movement.

Symptoms

The symptoms of vocal cord paresis can vary depending on the severity and whether one or both vocal cords are affected. Common symptoms include:

• Hoarseness or breathy voice
• Difficulty swallowing
• Shortness of breath
• Weak cough

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vocal cord paresis typically involves:

• Laryngoscopy to visualize the movement of the vocal cords.
• Electromyography (EMG) to assess the electrical activity of the muscles involved.
• Imaging studies such as CT scan or MRI to identify any structural causes.

Treatment

Treatment options for vocal cord paresis depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. They may include:

• Voice therapy with a speech-language pathologist to improve vocal function.
• Surgical intervention to reposition or bulk up the affected vocal cord.
• Injection laryngoplasty to improve vocal cord closure.

Prognosis

The prognosis for vocal cord paresis varies. Some patients may experience spontaneous recovery, especially if the cause is temporary, such as a viral infection. Others may require ongoing therapy or surgical intervention to improve voice quality and breathing.

See Also

• Vocal cord paralysis
• Larynx
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Speech therapy