Cane toad

An article about the cane toad, its biology, impact, and management

Cane Toad

The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial amphibian native to Central and South America. It has been introduced to various regions around the world, often with significant ecological consequences.

A cane toad in its natural habitat

Biology

Cane toads are robust amphibians with a dry, warty skin. They can grow up to 15 cm (6 inches) in length, with females generally larger than males. Their coloration varies from olive-brown to reddish-brown, with a lighter underbelly. Cane toads possess large parotoid glands behind their eyes, which secrete a potent toxin known as bufotoxin.

Reproduction

Cane toads are prolific breeders. Females can lay thousands of eggs in a single clutch, which are deposited in long strings in water bodies. The eggs hatch into tadpoles within a few days, and metamorphosis into juvenile toads occurs in about 4 to 8 weeks, depending on environmental conditions.

Diet

Cane toads are opportunistic feeders with a diet that includes insects, small mammals, birds, and other amphibians. They are known for their voracious appetite and ability to consume a wide variety of prey.

Distribution and Habitat

Originally native to Central and South America, cane toads have been introduced to many regions, including the Caribbean, Australia, and parts of the Pacific. They thrive in a variety of habitats, from rainforests to urban areas, often near water sources.

File:Cane toad distribution.png

Global distribution of the cane toad

Ecological Impact

The introduction of cane toads to non-native environments has often led to ecological disruption. In Australia, for example, they were introduced in 1935 to control agricultural pests but have since become a major invasive species. Cane toads compete with native species for resources and their toxic secretions can be lethal to predators not adapted to their presence.

Management and Control

Efforts to control cane toad populations include physical removal, habitat modification, and research into biological control methods. Public awareness campaigns and community involvement are also crucial in managing their spread.

Cultural Significance

In some cultures, cane toads are considered pests, while in others, they are used in traditional medicine or as a source of food. Their presence in popular media and scientific research continues to spark interest and debate.

Related Pages

• Invasive species
• Amphibian
• Bufotoxin
• Ecological impact of invasive species