International Osteoporosis Foundation

Osteoporosis

Logo of the International Osteoporosis Foundation

Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. It is often referred to as a "silent disease" because it can progress without symptoms until a fracture occurs. Osteoporosis is most common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, but it can affect individuals of all ages.

Pathophysiology

Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old bone. This imbalance leads to a decrease in bone density and strength. The bone remodeling process involves the resorption of bone by osteoclasts and the formation of bone by osteoblasts. In osteoporosis, there is an increase in bone resorption or a decrease in bone formation, or both.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including:

• Age: Bone density decreases with age.
• Gender: Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men.
• Family history: A family history of osteoporosis can increase risk.
• Body frame size: Smaller body frames tend to have a higher risk.
• Hormone levels: Low levels of sex hormones can weaken bone.
• Dietary factors: Low calcium intake, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal surgery can affect bone health.
• Lifestyle choices: Sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, and tobacco use can increase risk.

Diagnosis

Osteoporosis is diagnosed using a bone density test, which measures the density of minerals (such as calcium) in the bones. The most common test is the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. This test is painless and can help predict the risk of fractures.

Treatment

Treatment for osteoporosis focuses on slowing or stopping bone loss, increasing bone density, and preventing fractures. Common treatments include:

• Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone-related therapy, and other medications can help strengthen bones.
• Dietary supplements: Calcium and vitamin D supplements are often recommended.
• Lifestyle changes: Weight-bearing exercises, quitting smoking, and reducing alcohol intake can improve bone health.

Prevention

Preventing osteoporosis involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Early screening and monitoring can also help in managing risk factors.

Related Pages

• Bone density
• Fracture
• Calcium
• Vitamin D
• Postmenopausal osteoporosis