APP-FUBINACA

APP-FUBINACA

Chemical structure of APP-FUBINACA

APP-FUBINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid that has been used as a designer drug. It is a potent agonist of the cannabinoid receptors and has been associated with various adverse effects in humans.

Chemical Structure and Properties

APP-FUBINACA is a member of the indazole family of synthetic cannabinoids. It is structurally related to other synthetic cannabinoids such as AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA. The chemical structure of APP-FUBINACA includes a 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide core, which is a common feature among many synthetic cannabinoids.

Pharmacology

APP-FUBINACA acts as a potent agonist at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are part of the endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in regulating various physiological processes including mood, memory, and pain sensation. The activation of these receptors by APP-FUBINACA can lead to psychoactive effects similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis.

Effects and Toxicity

The use of APP-FUBINACA has been associated with a range of adverse effects. Users may experience symptoms such as tachycardia, hypertension, hallucinations, and seizures. In severe cases, the use of APP-FUBINACA can lead to coma or even death. The variability in effects is partly due to differences in individual metabolism and the presence of other substances.

Legal Status

Due to its potential for abuse and adverse health effects, APP-FUBINACA has been classified as a controlled substance in many countries. It is often included in legislation targeting synthetic cannabinoids and other novel psychoactive substances.

Synthesis and Detection

The synthesis of APP-FUBINACA involves the reaction of 4-fluorobenzyl chloride with indazole-3-carboxylic acid, followed by amide formation. Detection of APP-FUBINACA in biological samples can be challenging due to its structural similarity to other synthetic cannabinoids. Advanced analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry and gas chromatography are often employed for its identification.

Related pages

• Synthetic cannabinoids
• Cannabinoid receptor
• Designer drug
• Endocannabinoid system