Enamel

Enamel is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth. It is the part of the tooth that is visible in the mouth. Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals, 96%, with water and organic material composing the rest.

Structure

The primary mineral of tooth enamel is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. The large amount of minerals in enamel makes it the hardest substance in the human body, but also the most brittle.

Function

Enamel's primary role is to protect the tooth during functions such as mastication, or chewing, and to provide a barrier against tooth decay.

Development

Tooth enamel develops from ectodermal tissue. The process of enamel development, or amelogenesis, occurs in several stages, including the secretory and maturation stages.

Diseases and disorders

Enamel can be damaged by a variety of factors, including physical stress and wear, and acid erosion caused by certain foods and drinks. Diseases and conditions that affect enamel include dental caries, or cavities, and enamel hypoplasia and hypomineralization.

Treatment and prevention

Prevention of enamel damage includes regular brushing and flossing, as well as regular dental check-ups. Treatment of enamel damage may include fillings, crowns, and in severe cases, root canals.

See also

• Dentin
• Pulp (tooth)
• Periodontium
• Tooth development
• Tooth decay

References

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