Ulcer

Ulcer

Diagram of a gastric ulcer.

An ulcer is a break in the skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus. Ulcers can occur on the skin or mucous membranes throughout the body, including the stomach, mouth, and intestines.

Types of Ulcers

Ulcers are classified based on their location and cause. Some common types include:

Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain. Peptic ulcers include:

• Gastric ulcer: Occurs on the inside of the stomach.
• Duodenal ulcer: Occurs on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenum).

Mouth Ulcers

Mouth ulcers, also known as canker sores, are small, painful lesions that develop in the mouth or at the base of the gums. They can make eating, drinking, and talking uncomfortable.

Venous Ulcers

Venous ulcers are wounds that occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually in the legs. They are a common type of chronic wound in the lower extremities.

Causes

Ulcers can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Helicobacter pylori infection: A common cause of peptic ulcers.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which can irritate or inflame the lining of the stomach and small intestine.
• Stress and spicy foods: While not direct causes, they can exacerbate symptoms.
• Smoking and alcohol: Both can increase the risk of developing ulcers and hinder healing.

Symptoms

The symptoms of an ulcer can vary depending on the type and location, but common symptoms include:

• Burning stomach pain
• Feeling of fullness, bloating, or belching
• Intolerance to fatty foods
• Heartburn
• Nausea

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ulcers typically involves:

• Endoscopy: A procedure to look inside the stomach and duodenum.
• Barium swallow: An X-ray exam that can help visualize the stomach and duodenum.
• Tests for H. pylori: Including breath, blood, or stool tests.

Treatment

Treatment for ulcers depends on the cause. Common treatments include:

• Antibiotics: To kill H. pylori if present.
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): To reduce stomach acid.
• H2-receptor antagonists: To reduce acid production.
• Antacids: To neutralize stomach acid.
• Lifestyle changes: Such as quitting smoking and avoiding alcohol.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Avoiding NSAIDs when possible.
• Limiting alcohol consumption.
• Quitting smoking.
• Eating a balanced diet.

Related Pages

• Gastritis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease

References

• "Peptic Ulcer Disease." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• "Ulcers." Mayo Clinic.

External Links

• NHS - Stomach Ulcer
• WebMD - Understanding Ulcers