Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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Medical specialty
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines the use of chest compressions, often with artificial ventilation, in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is recommended for those who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations.

Indications

CPR is indicated for any person unresponsive with no breathing or only gasping, as it can increase the chances of survival following cardiac arrest. The procedure is crucial in the critical moments before emergency medical services (EMS) arrive, as it can double or even triple a cardiac arrest victim's chance of survival.

Technique

CPR involves two main components: chest compressions and rescue breaths. The current guidelines recommend performing chest compressions to the depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) for adults, at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. The rescuer should allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions. If trained and able, the rescuer should also give rescue breaths after every 30 compressions.

Chest Compressions

Chest compressions are delivered to the center of the chest, aiming to manually pump the heart and circulate blood to vital organs. The effectiveness of compressions can be affected by the rescuer's fatigue, hence it is recommended to switch rescuers every 2 minutes.

Rescue Breaths

Rescue breaths are given to provide oxygen to the victim's lungs. It is performed by tilting the victim's head back, lifting the chin, and then giving two breaths while watching for chest rise, which indicates that the lungs are inflating.

Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)

In many public places, Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are available and can be used in conjunction with CPR. An AED is a portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal rhythm.

Training and Certification

Training in CPR is offered by many hospitals, community centers, and organizations like the American Heart Association and the Red Cross. Certification courses teach individuals how to recognize the signs of a cardiac emergency, perform CPR, and use an AED.

History

CPR developed from techniques like mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and has evolved significantly since the mid-20th century. Advances in science and feedback from real-world applications have refined the technique to its current form.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

In many regions, Good Samaritan laws protect individuals who voluntarily give CPR in an emergency. However, consent is implied if the victim is unconscious and in need of immediate, life-saving intervention.

See also

• First aid
• Emergency medical services
• Cardiac arrest
• Resuscitation

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