Tertiary dentin

Tertiary dentin (including reparative dentin or sclerotic dentin) forms as a reaction to stimulation, including caries, wear and fractures.<ref name=":0">,

 Tertiary Dentine Frequencies in Extant Great Apes and Fossil Hominins, 
 Open Quaternary, 
 
 Vol. 5(Issue: 1),
 pp. 2,
 DOI: 10.5334/oq.48,</ref> Tertiary dentin is therefore a mechanism for a tooth to ‘heal’, with new material formation protecting the pulp chamber and ultimately therefore protects the tooth and individual against abscesses and infection. This form of dentine can be easily distinguished on the surface of a tooth, and is much darker in appearance compared to primary dentine.<ref>, 
  
 Teeth, 
  
  
 2005, 
  
  
 ISBN 978-0-511-61447-7, 
 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511614477,

</ref> Tertiary dentine will often not be visible on the surface of a tooth, but because it is more dense it can be viewed on a Micro-CT scan of the tooth.<ref>,

 Root caries on a Paranthropus robustus third molar from Drimolen, 
 bioRxiv, 
 
 
 pp. 573964,
 DOI: 10.1101/573964,</ref>

Tertiary dentin on the surface of a gorilla tooth. The darker area indicated by the white arrow is tertiary dentin and has formed as a response to tooth wear.

Wear on the surface of a tooth can lead to the exposure of the underlying dentine. When wear is severe tertiary dentine may form to help protect the pulp chamber.<ref>,

 Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Expression of Calcium Ion Transport-Related Proteins during Tertiary Dentin Formation, 
 Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 
 
 Vol. 44(Issue: 1),
 pp. 223–233,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.006,
 PMID: 29079395,</ref> Frequency of tertiary dentin in different species of primate suggests teeth 'heal' at different rates in different species.<ref name=":2">, 
 Tertiary Dentine Frequencies in Extant Great Apes and Fossil Hominins, 
 Open Quaternary, 
 
 Vol. 5(Issue: 1),
 pp. 2,
 DOI: 10.5334/oq.48,</ref> Gorillas have a high rate of tertiary dentin formation, with over 90% of worn teeth showing tertiary dentine.<ref name=":2" /> Hominins have a much lower rate of tertiary dentin formation, with around 15% of teeth that have dentin exposed through wear showing tertiary dentin formation.<ref name=":2" /> Chimpanzees have rates in between gorillas and humans, with 47% of worn teeth showing ‘healing’.

Clinical studies have researched the properties of tertiary dentine formation, including anatomy in both humans and animal models, usually from an oral health perspective.<ref name=":3">,

 Regulation of Reactionary Dentine Formation, 
 Journal of Dental Research, 
 
 Vol. 97(Issue: 4),
 pp. 416–422,
 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517743431,
 PMID: 29185832,</ref> Genetic changes in animal models can increase tertiary dentine production.<ref name=":3" /> This suggests certain species may have evolved to produce tertiary dentin in response to dietary changes. For example, gorillas may have evolved high rates of tertiary dentin as protection against severe wear, since they consume a lot of tough vegetation.<ref name=":0" />

References

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