Diabetic coma

Diabetic coma is a life-threatening complication that can occur in people with diabetes. This condition is characterized by a state of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be awakened. It is typically caused by either extremely high or low blood sugar levels.

Causes

Diabetic coma can be caused by three major conditions related to diabetes: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and hypoglycemia.

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when the body does not have enough insulin to allow glucose to enter cells, and so the body breaks down fat for energy. This process produces a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones, leading to DKA if untreated.
• Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is caused by extremely high blood sugar levels. The body tries to get rid of the excess sugar by passing it into the urine, which can lead to severe dehydration.
• Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar can occur in people with diabetes who take insulin or other types of diabetes medications that increase insulin levels in the body. Skipping a meal, taking too much diabetes medication or insulin, exercising harder than usual, or drinking alcohol can lead to hypoglycemia.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a diabetic coma can vary depending on whether the blood sugar level is too high or too low.

• High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) can lead to:
  • Thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Shortness of breath
  • Stomach pain
  • Fruity breath odor
  • A very dry mouth

• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to:
  • Shakiness or nervousness
  • Fatigue
  • Sweating
  • Hunger
  • Irritability
  • Dizziness or light-headedness
  • Sleepiness
  • Confusion
  • Difficulty speaking
  • Anxiety
  • Weakness

Prevention

Preventing a diabetic coma involves managing diabetes effectively. This includes:

• Regularly monitoring blood sugar levels
• Taking diabetes medications as prescribed
• Following a healthy diet
• Regular physical activity
• Regular medical check-ups

Treatment

Treatment for diabetic coma depends on whether the blood sugar level is too high or too low. For high blood sugar, emergency treatment includes fluids given through a vein (intravenous) and insulin. For low blood sugar, treatment involves consuming a fast-acting source of sugar, such as juice or glucose tablets.

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