Foreign body reaction: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Foreign body reaction | |||
| image = [[File:Perforated_IUD.jpg|left|thumb|Foreign body reaction to a perforated [[intrauterine device]] (IUD)]] | |||
| caption = Foreign body reaction to a perforated [[intrauterine device]] (IUD) | |||
| field = [[Pathology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Inflammation]], [[granuloma]] formation | |||
| complications = [[Infection]], [[tissue necrosis]], [[scarring]] | |||
| onset = Variable, depending on the foreign body | |||
| duration = Persistent until the foreign body is removed | |||
| causes = Presence of a [[foreign body]] in the tissue | |||
| risks = [[Surgery]], [[trauma]], [[implantation]] of medical devices | |||
| diagnosis = [[Histopathology]], [[imaging studies]] | |||
| differential = [[Infection]], [[autoimmune disease]] | |||
| prevention = Careful surgical technique, use of biocompatible materials | |||
| treatment = Removal of the foreign body, [[anti-inflammatory]] medications | |||
| prognosis = Generally good if the foreign body is removed | |||
| frequency = Common in cases of retained foreign bodies | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|A biological response to foreign materials in the body}} | {{Short description|A biological response to foreign materials in the body}} | ||
'''Foreign body reaction''' is a complex biological response of body tissues to any foreign material in the tissue. This reaction is part of the body's defense mechanism and involves various immune cells and processes. It is a type of [[inflammation]] that occurs when the body recognizes a material as foreign and attempts to isolate and remove it. | '''Foreign body reaction''' is a complex biological response of body tissues to any foreign material in the tissue. This reaction is part of the body's defense mechanism and involves various immune cells and processes. It is a type of [[inflammation]] that occurs when the body recognizes a material as foreign and attempts to isolate and remove it. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The foreign body reaction is initiated when a foreign material is introduced into the body. This can occur through various means, such as surgical implantation, accidental injury, or inhalation. The body recognizes the material as foreign and mounts an immune response. | The foreign body reaction is initiated when a foreign material is introduced into the body. This can occur through various means, such as surgical implantation, accidental injury, or inhalation. The body recognizes the material as foreign and mounts an immune response. | ||
===Initial Response=== | ===Initial Response=== | ||
The initial response to a foreign body involves the activation of the [[innate immune system]]. [[Neutrophils]] are among the first cells to arrive at the site of the foreign material. They attempt to phagocytize the material, but if it is too large, they release enzymes and reactive oxygen species to degrade it. | The initial response to a foreign body involves the activation of the [[innate immune system]]. [[Neutrophils]] are among the first cells to arrive at the site of the foreign material. They attempt to phagocytize the material, but if it is too large, they release enzymes and reactive oxygen species to degrade it. | ||
===Chronic Inflammation=== | ===Chronic Inflammation=== | ||
If the foreign material persists, the acute inflammatory response transitions to chronic inflammation. [[Macrophages]] play a central role in this phase. They adhere to the surface of the foreign material and attempt to engulf it. If unsuccessful, they fuse to form [[foreign body giant cells]]. | If the foreign material persists, the acute inflammatory response transitions to chronic inflammation. [[Macrophages]] play a central role in this phase. They adhere to the surface of the foreign material and attempt to engulf it. If unsuccessful, they fuse to form [[foreign body giant cells]]. | ||
[[File:Foreign_body_granuloma_(labeled).jpg|Foreign body granuloma|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Foreign_body_granuloma_(labeled).jpg|Foreign body granuloma|thumb | |||
===Granuloma Formation=== | ===Granuloma Formation=== | ||
A granuloma is a collection of immune cells that forms around the foreign material. It consists of macrophages, giant cells, and other immune cells. The purpose of the granuloma is to isolate the foreign material from the surrounding tissue. | A granuloma is a collection of immune cells that forms around the foreign material. It consists of macrophages, giant cells, and other immune cells. The purpose of the granuloma is to isolate the foreign material from the surrounding tissue. | ||
==Clinical Implications== | ==Clinical Implications== | ||
Foreign body reactions can have significant clinical implications, especially in the context of [[medical implants]] and [[biomaterials]]. | Foreign body reactions can have significant clinical implications, especially in the context of [[medical implants]] and [[biomaterials]]. | ||
===Implantation of Biomaterials=== | ===Implantation of Biomaterials=== | ||
When a biomaterial is implanted, the body may recognize it as foreign and mount a foreign body reaction. This can lead to complications such as implant failure or chronic inflammation. | When a biomaterial is implanted, the body may recognize it as foreign and mount a foreign body reaction. This can lead to complications such as implant failure or chronic inflammation. | ||
[[File:Host_reactions_to_the_implantation_of_a_biomaterial_device.webp|Host reactions to biomaterial implantation|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Host_reactions_to_the_implantation_of_a_biomaterial_device.webp|Host reactions to biomaterial implantation|thumb | |||
===Surgical Sutures=== | ===Surgical Sutures=== | ||
Sutures are a common source of foreign body reactions. The body may react to the suture material, leading to inflammation and delayed healing. | Sutures are a common source of foreign body reactions. The body may react to the suture material, leading to inflammation and delayed healing. | ||
[[File:Suture_material.jpg|Suture material|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Suture_material.jpg|Suture material|thumb | |||
===Inhalation of Particles=== | ===Inhalation of Particles=== | ||
Inhalation of foreign particles, such as [[talc]] or [[asbestos]], can lead to foreign body reactions in the lungs. This can result in conditions such as [[pulmonary talcosis]]. | Inhalation of foreign particles, such as [[talc]] or [[asbestos]], can lead to foreign body reactions in the lungs. This can result in conditions such as [[pulmonary talcosis]]. | ||
[[File:Pulmonary_talcosis_low_mag_cropped.jpg|Pulmonary talcosis|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:Pulmonary_talcosis_low_mag_cropped.jpg|Pulmonary talcosis|thumb | |||
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
The management of foreign body reactions involves removing the foreign material if possible and treating the inflammation. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the material. | The management of foreign body reactions involves removing the foreign material if possible and treating the inflammation. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the material. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Inflammation]] | * [[Inflammation]] | ||
* [[Granuloma]] | * [[Granuloma]] | ||
* [[Biomaterial]] | * [[Biomaterial]] | ||
* [[Implant (medicine)]] | * [[Implant (medicine)]] | ||
[[Category:Immunology]] | [[Category:Immunology]] | ||
[[Category:Pathology]] | [[Category:Pathology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:30, 6 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Foreign body reaction | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Inflammation, granuloma formation |
| Complications | Infection, tissue necrosis, scarring |
| Onset | Variable, depending on the foreign body |
| Duration | Persistent until the foreign body is removed |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Presence of a foreign body in the tissue |
| Risks | Surgery, trauma, implantation of medical devices |
| Diagnosis | Histopathology, imaging studies |
| Differential diagnosis | Infection, autoimmune disease |
| Prevention | Careful surgical technique, use of biocompatible materials |
| Treatment | Removal of the foreign body, anti-inflammatory medications |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Generally good if the foreign body is removed |
| Frequency | Common in cases of retained foreign bodies |
| Deaths | N/A |
A biological response to foreign materials in the body
Foreign body reaction is a complex biological response of body tissues to any foreign material in the tissue. This reaction is part of the body's defense mechanism and involves various immune cells and processes. It is a type of inflammation that occurs when the body recognizes a material as foreign and attempts to isolate and remove it.
Pathophysiology[edit]
The foreign body reaction is initiated when a foreign material is introduced into the body. This can occur through various means, such as surgical implantation, accidental injury, or inhalation. The body recognizes the material as foreign and mounts an immune response.
Initial Response[edit]
The initial response to a foreign body involves the activation of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at the site of the foreign material. They attempt to phagocytize the material, but if it is too large, they release enzymes and reactive oxygen species to degrade it.
Chronic Inflammation[edit]
If the foreign material persists, the acute inflammatory response transitions to chronic inflammation. Macrophages play a central role in this phase. They adhere to the surface of the foreign material and attempt to engulf it. If unsuccessful, they fuse to form foreign body giant cells.
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Granuloma Formation[edit]
A granuloma is a collection of immune cells that forms around the foreign material. It consists of macrophages, giant cells, and other immune cells. The purpose of the granuloma is to isolate the foreign material from the surrounding tissue.
Clinical Implications[edit]
Foreign body reactions can have significant clinical implications, especially in the context of medical implants and biomaterials.
Implantation of Biomaterials[edit]
When a biomaterial is implanted, the body may recognize it as foreign and mount a foreign body reaction. This can lead to complications such as implant failure or chronic inflammation.
Surgical Sutures[edit]
Sutures are a common source of foreign body reactions. The body may react to the suture material, leading to inflammation and delayed healing.
Inhalation of Particles[edit]
Inhalation of foreign particles, such as talc or asbestos, can lead to foreign body reactions in the lungs. This can result in conditions such as pulmonary talcosis.
Management[edit]
The management of foreign body reactions involves removing the foreign material if possible and treating the inflammation. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the material.
