Haemophilus meningitis: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Haemophilus meningitis | |||
| synonyms = | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[headache]], [[neck stiffness]], [[vomiting]], [[confusion]] | |||
| complications = [[Seizures]], [[hearing loss]], [[brain damage]] | |||
| onset = Rapid | |||
| duration = | |||
| causes = ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' type b | |||
| risks = [[Young children]], [[unvaccinated]] individuals | |||
| diagnosis = [[Lumbar puncture]], [[blood culture]] | |||
| differential = [[Bacterial meningitis]], [[viral meningitis]] | |||
| prevention = [[Hib vaccine]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| medication = [[Ceftriaxone]], [[ampicillin]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, can be severe if untreated | |||
| frequency = Rare in countries with vaccination programs | |||
}} | |||
'''Haemophilus meningitis''' is a type of [[bacterial meningitis]] caused by the bacterium ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''. This bacterium was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, but the incidence has significantly decreased due to the widespread use of the ''H. influenzae'' type b ([[Hib vaccine]]). | '''Haemophilus meningitis''' is a type of [[bacterial meningitis]] caused by the bacterium ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''. This bacterium was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, but the incidence has significantly decreased due to the widespread use of the ''H. influenzae'' type b ([[Hib vaccine]]). | ||
==Etiology== | ==Etiology== | ||
''Haemophilus influenzae'' is a small, [[Gram-negative]] bacterium that can cause a variety of infections, including [[pneumonia]], [[otitis media]], [[epiglottitis]], and meningitis. There are six identifiable types of ''H. influenzae'' (a-f) and other non-identifiable types (nontypeable). The most virulent strain, type b, was responsible for most cases of Haemophilus meningitis prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine. | ''Haemophilus influenzae'' is a small, [[Gram-negative]] bacterium that can cause a variety of infections, including [[pneumonia]], [[otitis media]], [[epiglottitis]], and meningitis. There are six identifiable types of ''H. influenzae'' (a-f) and other non-identifiable types (nontypeable). The most virulent strain, type b, was responsible for most cases of Haemophilus meningitis prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine. | ||
==Clinical Presentation== | ==Clinical Presentation== | ||
Patients with Haemophilus meningitis typically present with symptoms of [[meningitis]], such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. In infants, symptoms may be less specific and can include irritability, poor feeding, and lethargy. | Patients with Haemophilus meningitis typically present with symptoms of [[meningitis]], such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. In infants, symptoms may be less specific and can include irritability, poor feeding, and lethargy. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of Haemophilus meningitis is made by [[lumbar puncture]] and examination of the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF). The CSF in bacterial meningitis typically shows a high white blood cell count, high protein, and low glucose. ''H. influenzae'' can be identified by [[culture]] or by [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) testing of the CSF. | Diagnosis of Haemophilus meningitis is made by [[lumbar puncture]] and examination of the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF). The CSF in bacterial meningitis typically shows a high white blood cell count, high protein, and low glucose. ''H. influenzae'' can be identified by [[culture]] or by [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) testing of the CSF. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment of Haemophilus meningitis involves [[antibiotic therapy]] to eradicate the bacteria. The choice of antibiotic is guided by susceptibility testing, but typically includes a third-generation [[cephalosporin]] such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. In addition, [[dexamethasone]] is often given to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of neurological complications. | Treatment of Haemophilus meningitis involves [[antibiotic therapy]] to eradicate the bacteria. The choice of antibiotic is guided by susceptibility testing, but typically includes a third-generation [[cephalosporin]] such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. In addition, [[dexamethasone]] is often given to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of neurological complications. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Prevention of Haemophilus meningitis is primarily achieved through vaccination. The Hib vaccine is typically given as part of routine childhood immunizations and has been highly effective in reducing the incidence of disease. | Prevention of Haemophilus meningitis is primarily achieved through vaccination. The Hib vaccine is typically given as part of routine childhood immunizations and has been highly effective in reducing the incidence of disease. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Meningitis]] | * [[Meningitis]] | ||
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* [[Hib vaccine]] | * [[Hib vaccine]] | ||
* [[Bacterial meningitis]] | * [[Bacterial meningitis]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:32, 4 April 2025
| Haemophilus meningitis | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, confusion |
| Complications | Seizures, hearing loss, brain damage |
| Onset | Rapid |
| Duration | |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Haemophilus influenzae type b |
| Risks | Young children, unvaccinated individuals |
| Diagnosis | Lumbar puncture, blood culture |
| Differential diagnosis | Bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis |
| Prevention | Hib vaccine |
| Treatment | Antibiotics, corticosteroids |
| Medication | Ceftriaxone, ampicillin |
| Prognosis | Variable, can be severe if untreated |
| Frequency | Rare in countries with vaccination programs |
| Deaths | N/A |
Haemophilus meningitis is a type of bacterial meningitis caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. This bacterium was once the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, but the incidence has significantly decreased due to the widespread use of the H. influenzae type b (Hib vaccine).
Etiology[edit]
Haemophilus influenzae is a small, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause a variety of infections, including pneumonia, otitis media, epiglottitis, and meningitis. There are six identifiable types of H. influenzae (a-f) and other non-identifiable types (nontypeable). The most virulent strain, type b, was responsible for most cases of Haemophilus meningitis prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
Clinical Presentation[edit]
Patients with Haemophilus meningitis typically present with symptoms of meningitis, such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. In infants, symptoms may be less specific and can include irritability, poor feeding, and lethargy.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of Haemophilus meningitis is made by lumbar puncture and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF in bacterial meningitis typically shows a high white blood cell count, high protein, and low glucose. H. influenzae can be identified by culture or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the CSF.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of Haemophilus meningitis involves antibiotic therapy to eradicate the bacteria. The choice of antibiotic is guided by susceptibility testing, but typically includes a third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. In addition, dexamethasone is often given to reduce inflammation and decrease the risk of neurological complications.
Prevention[edit]
Prevention of Haemophilus meningitis is primarily achieved through vaccination. The Hib vaccine is typically given as part of routine childhood immunizations and has been highly effective in reducing the incidence of disease.
See Also[edit]
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