Bolivian hemorrhagic fever: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Bolivian hemorrhagic fever | |||
| synonyms = [[Machupo virus]] disease | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[headache]], [[muscle pain]], [[bleeding]] | |||
| complications = [[Shock (circulatory)]], [[multi-organ failure]] | |||
| onset = 1 to 2 weeks after exposure | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Machupo virus]] | |||
| risks = Exposure to [[rodents]] or their droppings | |||
| diagnosis = [[Serology]], [[PCR (polymerase chain reaction)]] | |||
| differential = [[Dengue fever]], [[Yellow fever]], [[Leptospirosis]] | |||
| prevention = Avoiding contact with [[rodents]] | |||
| treatment = [[Supportive care]], [[Ribavirin]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, can be severe | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
| deaths = High mortality rate if untreated | |||
}} | |||
'''Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever''' ('''BHF'''), also known as '''Black Typhus''' or '''Ordog Fever''', is a zoonotic disease caused by the [[Machupo virus]], a member of the [[Arenaviridae]] family. The disease was first identified in 1963 in Bolivia after an outbreak in the small village of San Joaquín in the Beni Department. BHF is characterized by fever, malaise, headache, joint and muscle pain, followed by hemorrhagic manifestations and, in severe cases, can lead to death. | |||
==Etiology== | ==Etiology== | ||
BHF is caused by the Machupo virus, which is transmitted to humans through aerosolized or direct contact with the excreta of infected [[Calomys callosus]] rodents, which are the natural reservoirs of the virus. Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals. | BHF is caused by the Machupo virus, which is transmitted to humans through aerosolized or direct contact with the excreta of infected [[Calomys callosus]] rodents, which are the natural reservoirs of the virus. Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals. | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
The disease is endemic to specific regions of Bolivia, primarily in the tropical areas of the Beni Department. Outbreaks are sporadic and are often associated with agricultural activities that increase human contact with the rodent reservoir. | The disease is endemic to specific regions of Bolivia, primarily in the tropical areas of the Beni Department. Outbreaks are sporadic and are often associated with agricultural activities that increase human contact with the rodent reservoir. | ||
==Clinical Manifestations== | ==Clinical Manifestations== | ||
The incubation period of BHF ranges from 7 to 14 days, after which the initial symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pains, appear. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms such as hemorrhagic signs (e.g., bleeding gums, nosebleeds), neurological manifestations (e.g., tremors, confusion), and shock may develop. Without treatment, BHF has a high mortality rate. | The incubation period of BHF ranges from 7 to 14 days, after which the initial symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pains, appear. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms such as hemorrhagic signs (e.g., bleeding gums, nosebleeds), neurological manifestations (e.g., tremors, confusion), and shock may develop. Without treatment, BHF has a high mortality rate. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of BHF is primarily based on clinical symptoms and epidemiological factors, such as exposure history. Laboratory confirmation can be achieved through various methods, including virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serological tests to detect specific antibodies against the Machupo virus. | Diagnosis of BHF is primarily based on clinical symptoms and epidemiological factors, such as exposure history. Laboratory confirmation can be achieved through various methods, including virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serological tests to detect specific antibodies against the Machupo virus. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
There is no specific antiviral treatment for BHF. Management of the disease is supportive and includes maintenance of hydration, management of shock, and administration of antipyretics for fever. Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, has shown some efficacy in treating BHF when administered early in the course of the disease. | There is no specific antiviral treatment for BHF. Management of the disease is supportive and includes maintenance of hydration, management of shock, and administration of antipyretics for fever. Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, has shown some efficacy in treating BHF when administered early in the course of the disease. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Preventive measures focus on controlling the rodent population to reduce human exposure to the virus. Public health education on avoiding contact with the rodents and their excreta is crucial. Personal protective measures, such as the use of gloves and masks when handling potentially infected materials, are also recommended. There is currently no vaccine available for BHF. | Preventive measures focus on controlling the rodent population to reduce human exposure to the virus. Public health education on avoiding contact with the rodents and their excreta is crucial. Personal protective measures, such as the use of gloves and masks when handling potentially infected materials, are also recommended. There is currently no vaccine available for BHF. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]] | * [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]] | ||
* [[Arenaviridae]] | * [[Arenaviridae]] | ||
* [[Zoonosis]] | * [[Zoonosis]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Viral hemorrhagic fevers]] | [[Category:Viral hemorrhagic fevers]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Health in Bolivia]] | [[Category:Health in Bolivia]] | ||
{{Virus-stub}} | {{Virus-stub}} | ||
{{No image}} | {{No image}} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:39, 3 April 2025
| Bolivian hemorrhagic fever | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Machupo virus disease |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, headache, muscle pain, bleeding |
| Complications | Shock (circulatory), multi-organ failure |
| Onset | 1 to 2 weeks after exposure |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Machupo virus |
| Risks | Exposure to rodents or their droppings |
| Diagnosis | Serology, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
| Differential diagnosis | Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Leptospirosis |
| Prevention | Avoiding contact with rodents |
| Treatment | Supportive care, Ribavirin |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, can be severe |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | High mortality rate if untreated |
Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF), also known as Black Typhus or Ordog Fever, is a zoonotic disease caused by the Machupo virus, a member of the Arenaviridae family. The disease was first identified in 1963 in Bolivia after an outbreak in the small village of San Joaquín in the Beni Department. BHF is characterized by fever, malaise, headache, joint and muscle pain, followed by hemorrhagic manifestations and, in severe cases, can lead to death.
Etiology[edit]
BHF is caused by the Machupo virus, which is transmitted to humans through aerosolized or direct contact with the excreta of infected Calomys callosus rodents, which are the natural reservoirs of the virus. Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals.
Epidemiology[edit]
The disease is endemic to specific regions of Bolivia, primarily in the tropical areas of the Beni Department. Outbreaks are sporadic and are often associated with agricultural activities that increase human contact with the rodent reservoir.
Clinical Manifestations[edit]
The incubation period of BHF ranges from 7 to 14 days, after which the initial symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pains, appear. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms such as hemorrhagic signs (e.g., bleeding gums, nosebleeds), neurological manifestations (e.g., tremors, confusion), and shock may develop. Without treatment, BHF has a high mortality rate.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of BHF is primarily based on clinical symptoms and epidemiological factors, such as exposure history. Laboratory confirmation can be achieved through various methods, including virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serological tests to detect specific antibodies against the Machupo virus.
Treatment[edit]
There is no specific antiviral treatment for BHF. Management of the disease is supportive and includes maintenance of hydration, management of shock, and administration of antipyretics for fever. Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, has shown some efficacy in treating BHF when administered early in the course of the disease.
Prevention[edit]
Preventive measures focus on controlling the rodent population to reduce human exposure to the virus. Public health education on avoiding contact with the rodents and their excreta is crucial. Personal protective measures, such as the use of gloves and masks when handling potentially infected materials, are also recommended. There is currently no vaccine available for BHF.
See Also[edit]
References[edit]
<references/>
