Replaced content with "{{About|the general gathering and storing of goods|other uses|Hoarding (disambiguation)}} thumb|A [[Thule people|Thule culture food cache..."
'''Hoarding''' is a behavior where people or animals [[food storage|accumulate food]] or other items.
'''Hoarding''' is a behavior where people or animals [[food storage|accumulate food]] or other items.
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==Animal behavior ==
{{Main|Hoarding (animal behavior)}}
''Hoarding'' and ''caching'' are common behaviors in many [[bird]] species as well as in [[rodent]]s. Most animal caches are of food. However, some birds will also stingily collect other items, especially if the birds are pets. [[Magpie]]s are infamous for hoarding items such as money and jewelry. (Contrary to popular belief, research suggests magpies are no more attracted to shiny things than other kinds of items.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28797519|title=Magpies 'don't steal shiny objects'|last=Harrabin|first=Roger|date=2014-08-16|access-date=2019-05-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> One theory suggests that human hoarding may be related to animal hoarding behavior, but substantial evidence is lacking.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/a0032261 |title=Evaluating an animal model of compulsive hoarding in humans |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=399–419 |year=2013 |last1=Andrews-Mcclymont |first1=Jennifer G. |last2=Lilienfeld |first2=Scott O. |last3=Duke |first3=Marshall P. }}</ref>
==Human hoarding==
Civil unrest or threat of natural disaster may lead people to hoard foodstuffs, water, gasoline and other essentials that they believe, rightly or wrongly, will soon be in short supply. [[Survivalist]]s, also known as preppers, often stockpile large supplies of these items in anticipation of a large-scale disaster event.{{fact|date=February 2019}}
===Anxiety disorder and hoarding===
{{main|Compulsive hoarding}}
[[File:Compulsive hoarding Apartment.jpg|thumb|Apartment of a person with compulsive hoarding]]
Individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder experience feelings of anxiety or discomfort about discarding possessions they do not need. This discomfort arises from an emotional attachment to possessions and a strong belief that their possessions will be needed in the future. Possessions will take on a sentimental value that outweighs their functional value. This is no different from someone without hoarding disorder; the difference lies in the strength of this sentimental value and in how many items take on a sentimental value. Discarding can feel like they are throwing away a part of themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frost|first=Randy|date=1995|title=A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Compulsive Hoarding|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/0005796795000712/1-s2.0-0005796795000712-main.pdf?_tid=5ed65f59-b804-415f-b430-6dc42ed1bff2&acdnat=1552604908_9449d27263d50f95a329e5d4103190e3|journal=Behavioral Research Therapy|volume=34|pages=341-350|via=}}</ref>
In severe cases, houses may become a fire hazard (due to blocked exits and stacked papers) or a health hazard (due to vermin infestation, excreta and detritus from excessive pets, hoarded food and garbage or the risk of stacks of items collapsing on the occupants and blocking exit routes).<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hoarding/DS00966 "Hoarding"], Mayo Clinic, 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-19.</ref>. Hoarding affects more than just the person who has the strong attachment to possessions, as other people living in the home and neighbours can be affected by the clutter. Individuals with hoarding disorder have a quality of life as poor as those diagnosed with schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.08.007 |pmid=20822778 |pmc=3009837 |title=Quality of life and functional impairment in compulsive hoarding |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=475–480 |year=2011 |last1=Saxena |first1=Sanjaya |last2=Ayers |first2=Catherine R. |last3=Maidment |first3=Karron M. |last4=Vapnik |first4=Tanya |last5=Wetherell |first5=Julie L. |last6=Bystritsky |first6=Alexander }}</ref> The disorder increases family strain,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.008 |pmid=18275935 |pmc=3018822 |title=Family burden of compulsive hoarding: Results of an internet survey |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=334–344 |year=2008 |last1=Tolin |first1=David F. |last2=Frost |first2=Randy O. |last3=Steketee |first3=Gail |last4=Fitch |first4=Kristin E. }}</ref> work impairment,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/bjc.12212 |pmid=30548281 |title=Hoarding symptoms and workplace impairment |journal=British Journal of Clinical Psychology |year=2018 |last1=Mathes |first1=Brittany M. |last2=Henry |first2=Alastair |last3=Schmidt |first3=Norman B. |last4=Norberg |first4=Melissa M. }}</ref> and the risk of serious medical conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.008 |pmid=18597855 |pmc=3018686 |title=The economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=200–211 |year=2008 |last1=Tolin |first1=David F. |last2=Frost |first2=Randy O. |last3=Steketee |first3=Gail |last4=Gray |first4=Krista D. |last5=Fitch |first5=Kristin E. }}</ref>
According to the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=October 3, 2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC|edition=5th}}</ref> the symptoms for hoarding disorder include:
:A. Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.
:B. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and to distress associated with discarding them.
:C. The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use. If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties (e.g., family members, cleaners, authorities).
:D. The hoarding causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (including maintaining a safe environment for self and others).
:E. The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition (e.g., brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]]).
:F. The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorders (e.g., obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions in schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits in major neurocognitive disorder, restricted interests in autism spectrum disorder).
=== Treatment ===
At this time there are no medications currently approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for treating the symptoms of hoarding. Some medications, such as [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs) and [[Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors]] (SNRIs), can be used off-label for individuals diagnosed with hoarding disorder.
The primary treatment for hoarding disorder is individual psychotherapy. In particular, [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|cognitive behavior therapy]] is regarded as the gold standard for treating the disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.008 |pmid=21925643 |title=Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: An open trial |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=802–807 |year=2011 |last1=Gilliam |first1=Christina M. |last2=Norberg |first2=Melissa M. |last3=Villavicencio |first3=Anna |last4=Morrison |first4=Samantha |last5=Hannan |first5=Scott E. |last6=Tolin |first6=David F. }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Collyer brothers]], rich eccentrics who were noted for compulsive hoarding
* [[Digital hoarding]]
* [[Hoard|Hoard (archaeological)]]
* [[Hoarding (economics)]]
* [[Plyushkin]], fictional Russian hoarder
* [[Compulsive hoarding]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1=Tolin, David |author2=Frost, Randy |author3=Steketee, Gail | title=Buried in Treasures: Help for Acquiring, Saving, and Hoarding | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-19-530058-1}}
* {{cite book |author1=Neziroglu, Fugen |author2=Bubrick, Jerome |author3=Yaryura-Tobias, Jose | title=Overcoming Compulsive Hoarding: Why You Save & How You Can Stop | publisher=[[New Harbinger]] | location=California | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-57224-349-1}}
* {{cite book |author1=Steketee, Gail |author2=Frost, Randy | title=Compulsive Hoarding and Acquiring: Workbook | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-531055-9}}
* {{cite book |author1=Steketee, Gail |author2=Frost, Randy | title=Compulsive Hoarding and Acquiring: Therapist Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=Oxford | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-530025-3}}
* {{cite book |author1=Steketee, Gail |author2=Frost, Randy | title=Stuff: Compulsive Hoarding and the Meaning of Things |isbn=978-0547422558 |year=2011| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book | author=Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan | title=(ab)normal Psychology |publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education]] |location=Penn Plaza, New York |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-07-803538-8}}
==External links==
* [http://www.bu.edu/ssw/research/hoarding/ Boston University School of Social Work]
* [http://www.HoardingCleanup.com/ National Hoarding Resources listed by state]
* [http://www.ocfoundation.org/hoarding/ International OCD Foundation Hoarding Center]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Abnormal psychology]]
[[Category:Abnormal psychology]]
[[Category:Collecting]]
[[Category:Collecting]]
Latest revision as of 01:24, 30 March 2025
This article is about the general gathering and storing of goods.
For other uses, see Hoarding (disambiguation).
