Cardiac asthma

Cardiac asthma is a medical condition characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, symptoms similar to those of asthma. However, unlike asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, cardiac asthma is caused by the failure of the heart's left ventricle, leading to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and increased pressure in the pulmonary veins. This condition is more accurately described as a type of heart failure rather than true asthma. It is crucial to distinguish between the two, as their treatments differ significantly.

Causes

Cardiac asthma typically results from cardiac insufficiency or heart failure, particularly failure of the left ventricle. The most common underlying causes include:

• Ischemic heart disease
• Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertension
• Valvular heart disease, especially mitral valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis

Symptoms

Symptoms of cardiac asthma can mimic those of bronchial asthma and include:

• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Coughing, especially at night
• Feeling of tightness in the chest

However, symptoms specific to cardiac asthma may also include:

• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (sudden, severe shortness of breath at night)
• Orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying flat)
• Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), indicated by frothy sputum that may be tinged with blood

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of cardiac asthma involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and various tests to assess heart function, including:

• Echocardiogram to visualize heart function
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to assess heart rhythm
• Chest X-ray to look for signs of heart enlargement or fluid in the lungs
• Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to rule out bronchial asthma
• BNP test (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) to measure heart failure severity

Treatment

Treatment of cardiac asthma focuses on managing the underlying heart condition and may include:

• Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) to lower blood pressure and reduce heart strain
• Beta-blockers to slow the heart rate and decrease heart workload
• Digitalis to strengthen heart contractions
• Oxygen therapy for severe cases

Lifestyle changes, such as reducing salt intake, managing weight, and quitting smoking, are also recommended to alleviate symptoms and improve heart health.

Prevention

Preventing cardiac asthma involves managing risk factors for heart disease, such as controlling high blood pressure, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding tobacco use.

See Also

• Heart failure
• Asthma
• Pulmonary edema
• Ischemic heart disease
• Cardiomyopathy

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