{{Short description|An overview of hepatitis, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment}}
'''Hepatitis''' is a medical condition primarily associated with [[gastroenterology]] that involves the [[inflammation]] of the [[liver]]. The specific symptoms, prognosis, and recommended treatments are contingent on the underlying cause.
== Recognizable Symptoms and Signs == <!--T:3-->
==Hepatitis==
Hepatitis often manifests through symptoms like exhaustion, general discomfort or [[malaise]], joint pain, abdominal distress, and vomiting, typically two to three times daily during the initial five days. Other signs include a lack of appetite, dark urine, [[fever]], an enlarged liver or [[hepatomegaly]], and [[jaundice]] (icterus). Chronic forms of hepatitis may exhibit few or none of these symptoms until advanced stages where persistent inflammation has replaced liver cells with [[connective tissue]], leading to [[cirrhosis]]. Certain [[liver function tests]] can help in the diagnosis of hepatitis.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the [[liver]] tissue. It can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world, but other infections, toxic substances (e.g., alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
== Different Forms of Hepatitis == <!--T:4-->
==Types of Hepatitis==
=== Viral Hepatitis ===
Hepatitis can be classified into several types based on its cause:
The majority of acute hepatitis cases are attributable to various viral infections, including:
# [[Hepatitis A]]
===Viral Hepatitis===
# [[Hepatitis B]]
Viral hepatitis is caused by infection with one of the five known hepatitis viruses: [[Hepatitis A virus|A]], [[Hepatitis B virus|B]], [[Hepatitis C virus|C]], [[Hepatitis D virus|D]], and [[Hepatitis E virus|E]].
# [[Hepatitis C]]
# [[Hepatitis D|D-agent]] (requires the presence of the Hepatitis B virus for propagation)
# [[Hepatitis E]]
# [[Hepatitis F]] (considered discredited)
# [[Hepatitis G]]
Additionally, other viruses such as [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], and [[yellow fever]] can also lead to hepatitis.
:''Refer to the individual articles for more comprehensive information''.
:''Also see [[infectious canine hepatitis]]''.
====Hepatitis A==== <!--T:5-->
[[Hepatitis A]], also known as infectious jaundice, is an [[enterovirus]] transmitted through the [[orofecal]] route, often through contaminated food. It results in an acute form of hepatitis and does not progress to a chronic stage. The immune system of the affected individual produces [[antibodies]] against Hepatitis A, providing immunity against future infections. Those with Hepatitis A are usually recommended to rest, maintain hydration, and abstain from alcohol. A [[vaccine]] is available that provides lifelong protection from Hepatitis A. The virus can spread through personal contact, consumption of raw seafood, or drinking contaminated water. Hepatitis A is predominantly found in developing countries, and is more common in southern Europe compared to northern and western Europe. The virus is transmitted fecal-orally, often through the consumption of contaminated water or food. Strict personal hygiene and avoidance of raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Infected individuals begin to excrete the Hepatitis A virus in their feces two weeks after the onset of the first symptoms. The incubation period between infection and the onset of the disease can range from 15 to 45 days.
====Hepatitis B==== <!--T:6-->
* '''Hepatitis A''': This type is usually spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is often acute and self-limiting.
[[Hepatitis B]] can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis in patients who are unable to eliminate the virus. It can be transmitted through [[blood]] (rarely through [[blood transfusion]]), tattoos (both amateur and professional), sexually or through contact with blood or bodily fluids, or vertically (from mother to her unborn child). However, in about half of the cases, the source of infection cannot be identified. Blood contact can occur through the sharing of [[syringe]]s in [[intravenous drug]] use, use of common shaving accessories like razor blades, or touching wounds on infected persons. [[Needle-exchange programme]]s have been introduced in many countries as a preventive measure. In the [[United States]], 95% of patients clear their infection and develop used to determine the likelihood of autoimmune hepatitis; this system has been devised by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group.
* '''Hepatitis B''': Transmitted through exposure to infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. It can be acute or chronic.
* '''Hepatitis C''': Primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact. It often leads to chronic infection.
* '''Hepatitis D''': Occurs only in those infected with hepatitis B, as it requires the hepatitis B virus to replicate.
* '''Hepatitis E''': Typically spread through consumption of contaminated water. It is usually acute.
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, also known as NASH, is a type of liver disease that is characterized by fat accumulation in the liver (hepatic steatosis) along with liver inflammation. It resembles alcoholic liver disease but occurs in people who drink little or no alcohol. The cause of NASH is still not entirely clear, but it is associated with conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and high levels of fats in the blood. It's often a silent disease with few or no symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they can include fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Over time, NASH can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure.
Non-viral hepatitis can be caused by:
=== Other Forms of Hepatitis === <!--T:26-->
* '''Alcoholic Hepatitis''': Caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Other forms of hepatitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain types of medications, exposure to certain toxins, and certain medical conditions. For instance, some types of medications, including over-the-counter pain relievers and prescription medications, can cause drug-induced hepatitis. Certain industrial toxins, such as yellow phosphorus, and natural toxins, like those found in poisonous mushrooms, can also cause hepatitis. Moreover, certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, can cause hepatitis in some people.
* '''Autoimmune Hepatitis''': A chronic condition where the body's immune system attacks liver cells.
* '''Drug-Induced Hepatitis''': Caused by reactions to medications or toxic substances.
== Treatment == <!--T:27-->
==Causes==
The treatment of hepatitis is largely determined by the type and stage of the disease. Acute hepatitis may require only supportive treatment, while chronic types of hepatitis may require antiviral medications. In all types of hepatitis, lifestyle modifications, including avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy weight, can help to manage the disease. In the most severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
The causes of hepatitis vary depending on the type:
== Prevention == <!--T:28-->
* Viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E)
Prevention strategies for hepatitis include practicing good hygiene, safe sex, and avoiding sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes. Vaccinations are available for hepatitis A and B. For those traveling to areas where hepatitis is prevalent, taking precautions with food and water is advised. For hepatitis types caused by alcohol or drugs, abstinence or responsible use is the best prevention strategy.
* Alcohol abuse
* Autoimmune disorders
* Exposure to certain medications and toxins
== Outlook == <!--T:29-->
==Symptoms==
The outlook for people with hepatitis varies depending on the type and stage of the disease. Some people with acute hepatitis recover completely with no lasting liver damage. However, chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer, which can be life-threatening. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is important for managing the disease and monitoring for any complications.
Symptoms of hepatitis can include:
== See Also == <!--T:30-->
* [[Jaundice]] (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Dark urine
* Pale stool
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of hepatitis involves:
* [[Blood test|Blood tests]] to detect the presence of hepatitis viruses or antibodies
* [[Liver function test|Liver function tests]] to assess liver damage
* [[Ultrasound]] or [[CT scan]] to visualize the liver
* [[Liver biopsy]] to determine the extent of liver damage
==Treatment==
Treatment depends on the type of hepatitis:
* '''Hepatitis A and E''': Usually resolve on their own; supportive care is provided.
* '''Hepatitis B and C''': Antiviral medications may be used to treat chronic infections.
* '''Autoimmune Hepatitis''': Treated with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs.
* '''Alcoholic Hepatitis''': Abstinence from alcohol and nutritional support are crucial.
==Prevention==
Preventive measures include:
* Vaccination for hepatitis A and B
* Safe practices to avoid exposure to infected blood and body fluids
* Proper sanitation and hygiene to prevent hepatitis A and E
==Images==
[[File:Liver anatomy.png|thumb|right|Diagram of the human liver, the organ affected by hepatitis.]]
[[File:Hepatitis viruses.png|thumb|left|Illustration of the different hepatitis viruses.]]
* [http://www.who.int/topics/hepatitis/en/ WHO - Hepatitis]
== Further Reading == <!--T:33-->
* Sjogren MH, et al. (2002). ''Hepatitis C Infection in Patients With Primary Sjogren's Syndrome''. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97(3): 579–84.
[[Category:Hepatology]]
* Liaw YF, et al. (2000). ''Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Patients With Fulminant Hepatitis (Acute Liver Failure): A Western Pacific Region Multicentre Study''. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 15(12): 1352–1355.
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
* Di Bisceglie, AM (2009). ''Natural History of Hepatitis C: Its Impact on Clinical Management''. Hepatology. 41(4): 875–879.
[[Category:Liver disorders]]
* Anstee, QM, et al. (2011). ''From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges''. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16(7): 411–428.
* Manns, MP, et al. (2010). ''Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis''. Hepatology. 51(6): 2193–2213.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver tissue. It can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world, but other infections, toxic substances (e.g., alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
Types of Hepatitis
Hepatitis can be classified into several types based on its cause:
Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is caused by infection with one of the five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
Hepatitis A: This type is usually spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water. It is often acute and self-limiting.
Hepatitis B: Transmitted through exposure to infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. It can be acute or chronic.
Hepatitis C: Primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact. It often leads to chronic infection.
Hepatitis D: Occurs only in those infected with hepatitis B, as it requires the hepatitis B virus to replicate.
Hepatitis E: Typically spread through consumption of contaminated water. It is usually acute.
Non-Viral Hepatitis
Non-viral hepatitis can be caused by:
Alcoholic Hepatitis: Caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Autoimmune Hepatitis: A chronic condition where the body's immune system attacks liver cells.
Drug-Induced Hepatitis: Caused by reactions to medications or toxic substances.
Causes
The causes of hepatitis vary depending on the type:
