Transient receptor potential channel

Transient Receptor Potential Channel

File:TRP Channel Phylogeny.svg

Phylogeny of TRP channels

Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. These channels are involved in various physiological processes and are known for their role in sensory perception, including vision, taste, olfaction, hearing, touch, and thermosensation.

History

The TRP channel family was first discovered in the late 20th century. The name "transient receptor potential" was derived from a mutant strain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that exhibited a transient response to light. This discovery led to the identification of similar channels in other species, including humans.

Structure

TRP channels are composed of six transmembrane domains with both the N- and C-termini located intracellularly. They form tetrameric structures that create a pore through which ions can pass. The channels are non-selective cation channels, allowing the passage of calcium, sodium, and magnesium ions.

Function

TRP channels play a crucial role in various sensory modalities. They are involved in the detection of temperature changes, mechanical forces, and chemical stimuli. For example, TRPV1 is activated by heat and capsaicin, the compound responsible for the spiciness of chili peppers.

Classification

TRP channels are classified into several subfamilies based on their sequence homology and functional similarities:

• TRPC (Canonical)
• TRPV (Vanilloid)
• TRPM (Melastatin)
• TRPA (Ankyrin)
• TRPP (Polycystin)
• TRPML (Mucolipin)

Each subfamily has distinct physiological roles and activation mechanisms.

Clinical Significance

Mutations in TRP channels can lead to various diseases and disorders. For instance, mutations in TRPV4 are associated with skeletal dysplasias and neuropathies. TRP channels are also targets for drug development, particularly in the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Research

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the precise mechanisms of TRP channel activation and regulation. Studies are also exploring the potential therapeutic applications of modulating TRP channel activity.

File:TRP P.Americana retina.jpg

TRP channels in the retina of Periplaneta americana

Related Pages

• Ion channel
• Sensory system
• Capsaicin

References

File:TRPC5 Chemo.jpg

TRPC5 channel involved in chemosensation

• Phylogenetic tree of TRP channels
  Phylogenetic tree of TRP channels
• TRP channels in P. Americana retina
  TRP channels in P. Americana retina
• TRPC5 channel in chemosensory cells
  TRPC5 channel in chemosensory cells