Neurula

Neurulation refers to the process in embryonic development where the neural tube is formed. This process is a pivotal stage in the development of the central nervous system.

Overview

Neurulation begins after gastrulation, and results in the formation of the neural tube. The process can be divided into two parts: primary neurulation and secondary neurulation. Primary neurulation forms the brain and spinal cord, while secondary neurulation forms the lower part of the spinal cord.

Primary Neurulation

In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and eventually pinch off from the surface to form a hollow tube. This process can be further divided into four stages:

1. Formation of the neural plate
2. Shaping of the neural plate
3. Bending of the neural plate
4. Closure of the neural tube

Secondary Neurulation

Secondary neurulation occurs in the lower sacral and coccygeal areas. The neural tube is formed by the aggregation of cells, rather than the invagination of an epithelial sheet.

Clinical Significance

Defects in neurulation can lead to neural tube defects, a type of birth defect that affects the brain and spine. These defects are among the most common birth defects and can lead to a range of disabilities, from mild to severe.

See Also

• Neural crest
• Neural tube defect
• Gastrulation
• Embryogenesis

References

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