Trophoblastic neoplasm

A group of rare tumors involving trophoblastic tissue

Trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of rare tumors that involve the trophoblast, the layer of cells that surrounds the embryo and contributes to the formation of the placenta. These neoplasms are part of a broader category known as gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes both benign and malignant conditions.

Types

Trophoblastic neoplasms can be classified into several types, each with distinct characteristics and clinical implications:

Hydatidiform mole

A hydatidiform mole is a benign form of trophoblastic disease that can be either complete or partial. It is characterized by abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue and can lead to persistent gestational trophoblastic disease if not treated.

Invasive mole

An invasive mole is a type of trophoblastic neoplasm that occurs when a hydatidiform mole invades the muscular layer of the uterus. It can cause significant bleeding and may require chemotherapy for treatment.

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant form of trophoblastic neoplasm that can occur after any type of pregnancy. It is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis, often to the lungs and brain. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy.

High magnification micrograph of choriocarcinoma.

Placental site trophoblastic tumor

A placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare form of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the placental implantation site. It is less responsive to chemotherapy compared to other types and may require surgical intervention.

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor

An epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is another rare variant that resembles carcinoma and can occur years after a normal pregnancy. It is often treated with surgery and chemotherapy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of trophoblastic neoplasms typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels is crucial, as elevated levels can indicate the presence of trophoblastic disease.

Treatment

Treatment strategies for trophoblastic neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the disease. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for malignant forms such as choriocarcinoma, while surgical intervention may be necessary for localized tumors like PSTT and ETT.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with trophoblastic neoplasms varies based on the type and extent of the disease. Early detection and treatment generally lead to favorable outcomes, especially for choriocarcinoma, which is highly sensitive to chemotherapy.

Related pages

• Gestational trophoblastic disease
• Human chorionic gonadotropin
• Placenta

References

• Seckl, M. J., Sebire, N. J., & Berkowitz, R. S. (2010). Gestational trophoblastic disease. The Lancet, 376(9742), 717-729.
• Lurain, J. R. (2010). Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 203(1), 11-18.

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  Intermediate trophoblast at low magnification
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  Choriocarcinoma at high magnification